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Mod.6 - Nucleotides
Biochemistry Module 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the two best known types of nucleotides | DNA and RNA |
| what are the monomers of DNA/RNA | nucleotides |
| nucleotides are ________________ to amino acids | amino acids are ANALOGOUS to nucleotides |
| what is the purpose of nucleotides | the storage and transmittion of genetic information |
| other than storing and transmitting genetic information, what are some other functions of nucleotides | - an energy source (ATP, ADP) - communication (cAMP - second messenger system) |
| what does DNA stand for | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| what is the purpose of DNA | the storage of genetic information, the primary sequence |
| what does RNA stand for | Ribonucleic acid |
| what is the purpose RNA | makes protiens |
| how many types of RNA are there | there are 3 types of RNA |
| there are two main classes of nucleotides | purines and prymidines |
| what are the two purines | adenine and guanine |
| what are the three prymidines | cytosine, thymine, and uracile |
| draw an adenine molecule | see drawing |
| draw a DNA sugar molecule | see drawning |
| draw a guanine molecule | see drawing |
| draw a RNA molecule | see drawing |
| draw a uracil molecule | see drawing |
| draw a thymine molecule | see drawing |
| draw a cytosine molecule | see drawing |
| which nucleotide is found only in RNA | uracil |
| which nucleotide is found only in DNA | thymine |
| both RNA and DNA sugars are heterocyclic and contain which other atom | Oxygen |
| which category of nucleotides are 2 rings fused together | purines |
| what makes thymine and uracil different | thymine has an extra methyl group |
| what is the molecular name for an RNA sugar | beta-D-ribose |
| what is the molecular name of a DNA sugar | beta-2-deoxy-D-ribose |
| what is a nucleoside | one base that is covalently bonded to a ribose/deoxyribose |
| where does the bond occur in a nucleoside | at the anomeric carbon and nitrogen |
| guanosine is a nucleoside which consists of __________________________ and ______________________ | guanine and (deoxy) ribose sugar |
| the addition of this molecule changes a nucleoside to a nucleotide | phosphoric acid |
| guanosine + phosphoric acid = | guanosine 5'-monophosphate |
| what is the primary structure of DNA/RNA | the alternating backbone of alternating sugars an phosphate groups (from 5' to 3') |
| when writing the bases for DNA/RNA it is always written from the ________________ end to _________________ | 5' end to 3' end |
| oligonucleotide contains _____________(number) or (more/less) nucleotides | oligonucleotides contains 50 or LESS nucleotides |
| the double helix structure is an example of a (primary/secondary/tertiary) structure of nucleotides | the double helix is the SECONDARY structure |
| describe the tertiary structure of DNA/RNA | more complex folding |
| in 1953 the double helix structure of DNA was discovered by | James Watson and Francis Crick |
| in 1953, Watson and Crick drew on the contributions of who | Chargraff |
| what are the three important contributions that Chargraff made in the discovery of DNA | - base composition of DNA varies between species - cells in different tissues have the same DNA - A+T exist in equimolar portions and C+G exist in equimolar portions |
| describe the DNA double helix | two polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions (one strand is 5' to 3', the complimentary strand is 3' to 5') |
| (NOT A QUESTION) the two strands of DNA run in antiparallel directions and they are not identical but they are complimentary | (NOT AN ANSWER) the two strands are combined via hydrogen bonds between the two chains |
| the repeating groove of the helix include two groves called | the major groove and the minor groove |
| describe hydrogen bonds in DNA/RNA | -they occur between the bases - they are away from the backbone - other forms of hydrogen bonds keep the helix intact |
| the A+T bases have ______________ hydrogen bonds | A+T have 2 hydrogen bonds |
| the ____________ bases have 3 hydrogen bonds making them more stable and held together more tightly | C+G bonds have 3 hydrogen bonds |
| there are three types of DNA formations (A-form, B-form, and Z-form) which form is the most common DNA form | B-form |
| there are three types of DNA formations (A-form, B-form, and Z-form) which form(s) is(are) the structural variants | A-form and the Z-form |
| how do the A-form and Z-form differ by | base per turn and the distance between each helix (rise per turn) |
| there are three types of DNA formations (A-form, B-form, and Z-form). This form is a left handed turn | Z-form |
| how is the Z-form of DNA created | when the carbon bases of the nucleotides become methylated |
| define the term gene | protein sequence in DNA that contains specific base sequences |
| 1 gene = _____________ protein molecule | 1 gene = 1 protein molecule |
| _________________ nucleotides = 1 full protein | 150-300 nucleotides = 1 protein |
| 1 codon = __ amino acid | 1 codon = 1 amino acid |
| DNA __________________ protein code, RNA __________ protein from code | DNA STORES code, RNA MAKES protein from code |
| describe mRNA | - carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes - they are specific sequences of nucleotides (template) - the size is dependent on the size of the protein and degrades after the protein has been made |
| describe tRNA | - covalently attached to amino acids and transports them to the ribosomes - smaller than other versions of RNA (70-90 nucleotides per chain) |
| where do the amino acids pair with mRNA | amino acids pair with mRNA in the RIBOSOMES |
| this type o f RNA has an anticodon loop | tRNA has an anticodon loop |
| what is the anticodon loop | part of the tRNA that is specific to three nucleotides in a complementary codon |
| how does tRNA hold its shape | hydrogen bonds of the complementary pairs in the tRNA |
| ribosomes are made up of | ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protiens |
| describe ribosomes | - site of primary protein formation - spherical supramolecular complexes made up of RNA and proteins - weighs about million Daltons - structure is similar to globular proteins |
| name the four types of nucleotides (other than DNA/RNA) used as examples in this module | - ATP - Guanosine triphosphate - cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) - coenzymes |
| what is the function of ATP | ATP is the Chief energy molecule used by cells |
| when broken down ATP becomes | ADP or AMP (which can be recycled back into ATP) |
| what is Guanosine Triphosphate | a nucleotide that can also be used for energy production |
| where is Guanosine triphosphate used | during the Citric acid cycle, adds one phosphate groups to one ADP, GTP is in the regulation step |
| why is the cAMP so important | it is used in the 2nd messenger system |
| describe the function of the cAMP | - used for sugar uptake in tissue - primary signal of adrenaline - can bind to a proteins that regular AMP cannot bind to |
| what is a coenzyme | - organic, non-protein, that works with the enzyme - aides in catalytic function |
| give an example of a coenzyme | Flavin adenine diucleotide (FAD), which contains ADP connected to a sugar (vibitol) and flavin; this helps shuttle protons from one molecule to another in the electron transport chain. |
| what is the difference between a neucleotide and nucleoside | a nucleoside is formed from the covalent bonding of a base to ribose or 2-deoxyribose. Nucleotides are build from a nitrogen-containing organic base (a monosaccharide and a phosphate). |
| draw a ribose molecule and a deoxyribose molecule explain what makes them different | see picture |
| draw a thymine molecule and a uracil molecule. explain what makes them different | see picture. the two bases differ by a methyl group. thymine has an extra methyl group on the ring |
| From the Portage Learning Biomechanics course and module information. where in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell is the DNA located? how about the RNA? | DNA is located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell of the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell. RNA is found in the nucleus, on the ribosome, and in other parts of the cell |
| which DNA and RNA bases contain a carboyl group | -Guanine -cytosine -thymine - uracil all contain a carbon double bonded to Oxygen attached to the rings. Adenine is the only base that does not |
| what constitutes as the backbone of DNA | the backbone of DNA is the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups linked together through covalent bonds |
| how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T? | two bonds are formed between A and T |
| how many hydrogen bonds form between G and C | there are three hydrogen bonds that form between G and C |
| which nucleic acid is single stranded | RNA forms single strands. Particularly this was noted in the module for tRNA. DNA forms a double helix |
| what interactions stabilize the DNA double helix | hydrogen bonds stabilize the helix. each AT pair and form two hydrogen bonds, each GC pair forms three hydrogens that stabilize the helix, permitting it to maintain this shape. |
| what type of RNA has a sequence that is complimentary to DNA | mRNA is complimentary to DNA, so that it can transmit the information to the ribosomes |
| which has the largest molecular weight chains: - mRNA - tRNA - rRNA | rRNA has the largest molecular weight as these make up the ribosomes |
| what structural forsm of DNA have a right-handed helix? which form has a left-handed helix | the A and B forms are right handed, while the Z-form is left-handed |
| what functions does cAMP perform in cells | cAMP is a communication molecule in cellular signaling. it acts as a secondary messenger. |
Created by:
kandriot
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