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physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalamus |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | occurrence, distribution and transmission |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule. |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | phospholipid and steroid |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end |
| Diffusion requires: | a concentration gradient. |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains deoxyribose sugar |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | active transport. |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
| A sequence of three bases forms a(n) | codon |
| Transcription can be best described as the | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: | chromosome number remains at 46 |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | basale |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | Brown fat |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | epiphyseal plate |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the | osteoblasts |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | humerus |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called | irritability |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint | hinge |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect about motor units? | The more muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron, the more precise the movements of that muscle can be. |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is | iron |
| In the structure called a triad, the T-tubule is sandwiched between | sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | Latent period |
| Which of the following terms describes an isometric contraction? | Static tension |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| The protein molecule that has heads jutting out for cross-bridging is: | myosin |
| A condyloid joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint | biaxial |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation? | Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to | initiate an action potential |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called | saltatory conduction |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the | choroid plexuses |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the | medulla |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway | willed movement |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve | trigeminal |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: | cerebellum |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum | thalamus |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are | corticotrophs |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential | It follows the all-or-none law |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness | Thalamus |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity | cell-mediated |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis |
| A drop in the body’s production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of: | carbonic acid. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg | 760 |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as | amylase |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to | neutralize hydrochloric acid |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is | secretin |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete _____ urine. | more hydrogen ions from blood to |
| Which of the following is not considered a “transcellular fluid” | Lymph |
| Edema may occur when | All of the above |
| Which of the following is not a method used for parenteral administration? | By mouth |
| Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? | Renin |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females | 60%; 50% |
| Which of the following is a part of the supporting structures of the male reproductive system? | Scrotum |
| Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells? | They produce testosterone |
| Which of the following is not true of FSH? | It stimulates the secretion of testosterone. |
| The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _____ phase | luteal |
| A high blood concentration of estrogens | stimulates epithelial cells of the endometrium to proliferate |
| The increase in blood estrogens during the postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle produces all of the following changes in the uterus except | decreased myometrial contractions |
| Which of the following is not a function of the ovary? | It produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). |
| The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the same as the: | postmenstrual phase |
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