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Physiology Wks 7-13
Flashcards for Physiology Weeks 7-13
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | Enkephalins |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster. |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | Increased heart rate |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division |
| Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 years of age |
| Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve. | trigeminal |
| Afferent nerves or fibers are found only in the _____ nervous system. You Answered | sensory and autonomic |
| Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? | Brachial |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris. |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | Transcription of RNA |
| All of the following are true statements except: | both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called Correct! | Inotropic factors |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the | Stronger the contraction |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | Antigen |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | Perfusion pressure |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | After about 4 weeks |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | Lacteals |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | Innate and adaptive immunity |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins. |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | Phagocytosis |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | Clonal selection theory |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | Effector T cells and memory cells |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | Cytolysis |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | bicarbonate ions |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | Tidal volume |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | Inversely, constant |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous equal to the systemic arterial |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? Correct! | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| The symbol HbNCOOH– is used for: | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure? | Biot's breathing |
| Which of the following would have the greatest accelerating effect on the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin? | Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2 |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | Eupnea |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| Vital capacity is defined as the: | maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration. |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. Does all of the above. |
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