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Mod. 5 - Lipids
Biochemistry Module 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how is the definition of lipids different from proteins and carbohydrates | the lipid definition is based on the functional definition be soluble in a non-polar solvent. Proteins and carbohydrates are based on the structure |
| What are three functions of lipids | (any three of the following) - energy source -storage - vitamins - protection (wax) -insulation (hibernation and nervous system) |
| how does the omega numbering system differ from the simplified notation | the simplified notation starts at the carboxylic acid, while the omega system starts at the opposite end |
| what does unsaturated mean for fatty acids | unsaturated indicates that one of more double bonds are present |
| what is the difference between a fat and oil | an oil is a lipid at room temperature, while fat is a solid at room temperature |
| name the lipid that is used by both yellow finches and Pedobacter heparinus | zeaxanthin |
| what is the purpose of zeaxanthin in Pedobacter heparinus | protection from UV lights |
| lipids are defined by their structure. Name all five | 1) fatty acids 2) triacylglycerides 3) phosphoglycerides 4) sphingophospholipids 5) isoprenoid compounds |
| how many carbons and double bonds are in an isoprene unit | there are five carbons with at least one double bond |
| describe fatty acids | long carbon chains with 8-30 carbons (typically 12-24 carbons), with carboxylic acid at one end and generally odd number of carbons are found in nature |
| what are saturated fatty acids | plenty of hydrogens and there are no double bonds |
| what are unsaturated fatty acids. | there is at least one double bond, |
| for unsaturated fats, where can the double bonds usually be found | between 9 and 10, also between 12 and 13 |
| what is a monosaturated molecule | an unsaturated molecule that has only one double bond |
| simple notation (write a few examples) | see drawing |
| what is a polyunsaturated fatty acids | an unsaturated fat that has two or more double bonds in one fatty acid chain |
| what is the omega system | - common when discussing diet - the position of the opposite for the carboxylic acid |
| regardless of chain length carbon lengths ____________, _________, _________ are generally omega 3 or omega 6's | 14, 18, or 25 |
| what is triacylglycerol | - dense energy stores - long carbon chains with hydrogens - responsible for camels storing water and bears ability to hibernate - provide insulation to help trap heat |
| describe the structure of a triacylglyceride | has a glycerol backbone with three fatty acid tails. |
| what attaches the glycerol backbone of a triacylglyceride/phosphoglyceride to a fatty acid tail | acytl (-O-CO-) linkage |
| a (saturated/unsaturated) chain in a triacylglycerides would be considered liquid or oily at room temp; while a (saturated/unsaturated) chain would be considered solid at room temp. | UNSATURATED; SATURATED |
| at room temp. fats are _______________ | solid |
| at room temp. oils are ________________ | liquid |
| this type of lipid is similar to triagcylglycerides in that they have a glycerol back bone, a first and second chain of fatty acids (commonly called "tails") and a polar "head" | phosphoglycerides |
| the polar "head" of the phosphoglyceride can be one of several molecules name a couple | - choline - serine |
| the most abundant molecule found on the polar "head" of a phophoglyceride | choline |
| why is it important that phosphoglycerides have polar heads | the head of phosphoglycerides interact with water |
| the specific structure of the phospholipids are important for what important cellular structure | the plasma membrane |
| the sphingolipids are similar to what other lipid structure | sphingolipids are similar to phosphoglycerides |
| what makes sphingolipids different from phosphoglycerides | they have an amid linkage on carbon two of their backbone. Instead of a glycerol backbone, their backbone is a ceramide structure |
| where can sphingolipids be found | they can be found in plasma membranes alongside phosphoglycerides |
| sphingolipids can be found in the plasma membranes of specific tissues, what are these tissues and what do they do? | neural tissue (specifically in myelin sheaths) and in blood (on their head is an oligosaccharide that helps with blood typing (A,B, or O)) |
| what is isoprene | a five carbon ring with at least on double bond and it is the starting material for many lipids. |
| list a few lipids that have isoprene as it's foundation | - cholesterol - zeaxanthin - carotenoid - vitamins (specifically Vitamin A and Vitamin K) |
| what is the function of vitamin K | it is important in blood coagulation and becomes part of thrombin in the process. |
| cholesterol has several vital roles in humans, but which is the main role that is discussed in this module | cholesterol gives the plasma membrane fluidity and flexibility |
| cholesterol is similar to ______________ which is a structure of 4 rings fused together | sterol |
| why are lysosomes so special. | they are one of the main membrane bound organelles in a cell that contain their own environment and have an internal pH of 5 |
| what is the function of a cell (Plasma) membrane | to separate the outside (non-living) environment from the inside (living) environment of a cell. |
| what is the main biomolecule that forms the cell (plasma) membrane | phosphoglycerides (or phospholipids) are the main component of of the plasma membrane |
| who are phospholipids oriented in the plasma membrane | there are two layers of phospholipids. the polar head of each phospholipid faces outward towards the solution and the non-polar tails are attracted to each other and away from the water. |
| the plasma membrane can contain other lipid types like cholesterol. what is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane | cholesterol allows for fluidity and prevents tight packing. |
| in the plasma membrane, sphingolipids are considered _____________________, and they aide in blood typing | carbohydrate moieties |
| sphingolipids can have several other functions in the plasma membrane other than cell to cell communication. what are these functions | - transport of sugar and water (in) and waste (out) - this type of transport is highly regulated |
| name the two types of integral proteins | transport proteins and peripheral proteins |
| where can integral proteins be found | firmly packed in with the lipids in the plasma membrane |
| (transport/peripheral) proteins span the entire plasma membrane, while (transport/peripheral) proteins are loosely associated and can be chemically separated from the membrane | transport; peripheral |
| where can peripheral proteins be found | either inside or outside the membrane |
| define the term "fluid mosaic model" | the description of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer, plays on the idea that it is a complex network of proteins and lipids that can move freely and it is not rigid, |
| this important organelle can move and flow while still maintaining the shape of a cell | plasma membrane |
| what is the function of the non-polar tails of the lipids | they help keep the membrane and the cell intact. |
| what are three functions of isoprenoid compounds | vitamin production, cholesterol production, and pigment formation |
| name three components of a cellular membrane | (any combination of the following) - phosphoglycerides - cholesterol - sphingolipids - integral proteins - peripheral proteins |
Created by:
kandriot
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