Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Intro. to Biochem.
Biochemistry Module 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does biochemistry study? | - structure and function of molecules, - chemical reactions that take place (metabolism) - communication (cell to cell and organism to organism) |
| what are the three major elements that are used for almost all chemical structures | Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen |
| Hydrogen is a (bulk/trace) element | Hydrogen is a BULK element |
| Magnesium is a (bulk/trace) element | Magnesium is a TRACE element |
| Sodium is a (bulk/trace) element | Sodium is a BULK element |
| Potassium is a (bulk/trace) element | Potassium is a BULK element |
| Calcium is a (bulk/trace) element | Calcium is a BULK element |
| Chromium is a (bulk/trace) element | Chromium is a TRACE element |
| Iron is a (bulk/trace) element | Iron is a TRACE element |
| Tungsten is a (trace/bulk) element | Tungsten is a TRACE element |
| what is the angle for linear molecule shapes | 180 degrees |
| what is the linear shape for carbon dioxide | linear |
| what is the bond angle for a trigonal planar molecule | 120 degrees |
| the ammonia molecule is what shape | trigonal pyramidal |
| what is the bond angle for trigonal pyramidal | 107.5 degrees |
| methane molecule is what shape | tetrahedral |
| what is the bond angle of a tetrahedral | 109.5 degrees |
| what is the molecular shape of water | Bent |
| what is the bond angle of water (bent shaped molecule) | 104.5 degrees |
| what molecule causes the bioluminescence in fireflies/lightning bugs | luciferin |
| name the protien (enzyme) that helps in the creation of luciferin | luciferase |
| what is the function of luciferase | regulate, produce, and degrade light in fireflies |
| what is the scientific name of the "Synchronis fireflies" | Photinus Carolinus |
| the light produced by fireflies are ____________% efficient, this means that they produce ______________ heat | the light produced by fireflies are 100% efficient, this means that they produce ZERO heat |
| fireflies are not actually flies, instead they are ________________ | BEETLES |
| the reaction that leads to bioluminescence in fireflies is triggered by the presence of which molecule | Oxygen in the light organ triggers luciferin to light up |
| there are 2,000 distinct species of fireflies, what makes them distinct | - flash patterns, - times - shapes - colors, -amount of light in sky - use of light (some use it to hunt) |
| light can be a form of communication by some organisms, but most organisms use biochemistry for _______________ communication | chemical messengers |
| biochemistry can also give us a glimpse of natural processes such as | diseases and healing processes |
| luciferin is made up of _______________ elements, including: | five elements: C, O, H, N, S |
| there are ______ elements occurring naturally and less than _____________ found in living organisms | 90; less than 30 |
| bulk elements make up _______________% of mass in living organisms | 90% |
| what are trace elements | elements that are found in small amounts; yet they are still crucial |
| why are smaller elements favored in biochemistry | smaller elements form more stable covalent bonds; covalent bond require more energy to break and are better at withstanding mechanical and thermal stress |
| larger elements either do not form stable bonds or do not bond covalently at all. But this does not mean they are not useful. what is an example of a useful trait for this. | iron and oxygen do not bond covalently, this is very important for oxygen exchange at the capillary level |
| what causes the bond angle in water | the repulsion of like charges (think about how like polls repel each other in magnets) |
| ______________________ element is crucial to all living things; and makes compounds organic | carbon |
| the bond angle and important properties of water are caused by the uneven sharing of electrons in water. ___________ has a slightly positive charge and ______________ has a slightly negative charge | hydrogen has a slightly positive charge and oxygen has a slightly negative charge |
| what is the most important property of water which is caused by the unequal sharing of electrons in the water molecule | hydrogen bonds |
| hydrogen bonds can be important in what other biological processes | protein formation/shape, DNA and RNA |
| what is organic chemistry | the study of carbon based compounds |
| what are the four properties of carbon that make this element so useful in organic chemistry | - they have 4 valence electrons - they are capable of forming long chains - they can form double/triple bonds - they can form cyclic compounds - they can form covalent bonds with many atoms |
| what are alkaines | chains that are formed by carbons surrounded by a group of hydrogens |
| how many carbons are in methane | one carbon is in methane (CH4) |
| how many carbons are in ethane | two carbons are in ethane (CH3CH3) |
| how many carbons are in propane | there are three carbons in propane (CH3CH2CH3) |
| how many carbons are in butane | there are four carbons in butane (CH3Ch2Ch2Ch3) |
| how many carbons are in pentane | there are five carbons in pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3) |
| how many carbons are in in heptane | there are seven carbons in heptane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3) |
| What is the chemical formula of butane | C4H10 |
| What is the condensed formula of pentane | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 |
| what is the Kekule formula for propane | see drawing |
| what is the line bond formula for heptane | see drawing |
| what does inorganic chemistry study | metals, minerals, and non-organic compounds |
| what is a polymer | a long chain of carbons |
| what are some commercial uses for polymers | plastic, Styrofoam, and Kevlar |
| what is a naturally occurring polymer | DNA |
| what are cyclic compounds and where are they found naturally? | compounds of carbons that form a ring (closed chain). examples include: DNA, RNA, proteins, sugars, and luciferin |
| what makes cyclic compounds important in nature | they restrict movement and orientation. making them good for building and maintaining shapes (perfect for (structural) proteins) |
| what are the benefits and cons of a chemical formula | it shows the composition of a compound, but not the arrangement. This is more for general chemistry |
| what are the benefits and cons of a condensed structure | gives us a better idea of molecular structure, the bonds are assumed (rather than shown), they are more detailed, though they take up more space |
| what are the benefits and cons or a line bond formula | it is the most efficient, more interpretative. at the end of the line is one carbon and each apex has two hydrogens |
| what are functional groups | they are a collection of atoms that are regularly found and determine the chemical/physical properties of compounds |
| what is a functional group that is called alcohol | a carbon that is attached to a carbon |
| what is an esther group | a carbon that is connected to an oxygen which is also connected to another carbon |
| what is one aspect of esther in the real world | very fragrant compounds found in perfumes and strawberries |
| what is a thiol group | a carbon that is connected to a SH ion |
| where can thiol groups be found | onions and skunks |
| what is an alkene | a carbon double bonded to another carbon |
| what is an alkyne | a carbon that is triple bonded to another carbon |
| what is an aldehyde | carbon that is double bonded to oxygen, and singled bonded to another hydrogen |
| what is an amide | carbon that is double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a nitrogen |
| what is an amine | nitrogen |
| what is an aromatic (benzene) | a ring of carbons that include three (alternating) double bonds |
| -COOH | Carboxylic acid |
| why is carboxylic acid important | helps with acid/base reaction. also the oxygen atoms change the polarity of the molecule (making them more reactive than just carbon and hydrogen alone) |
| what is the functional group found in vinegar (acetic acid) | carboxylic acid is found in vinegar |
| what is acetone used for | a solvent for paints/grease, nail polish remover, and evaporates quickly |
| what is the functional group for acetone | ketone |
| what are some other important differences that can be determined by functional groups (since size of molecule are similar but the functional group is different) | -taste -solubility -reactivity |
| what are three ways that biochemists study biological systems | 1) the relationship between the structure and function of biomolecules, 2) chemical reactions of organisms (metabolism), 3) communication within and among organisms |
| what is the definition of biochemistry | often referred to as "the chemistry of life," it asks how the remarkable properties of organisms relate to their molecules |
| what is another name for a firefly | lightning bug |
| Is Lithium (Li) an element common in biological organisms | no, Li is not a common element in biological systems |
| what is known as the "medium of life" | water |
| what is the bond angle of trigonal pyramidal shape | 107.5 |
| (T/F) Water can make up 85% (by mass) of a living organisms | True. Some plants are made up of 90% water by mass |
| (T/F) Large elements tend to make the strongest covalent bonds | False. smaller elements tend to make the strongest bonds due to significant overlap. |
| Name three bulk elements | (any combination of these will do) H, C, N, O, Na, S, P, Cl, K, and Ca |
| Name three trace elements | (any combination of these will do) Mg, V (Vanadium), Cr, Mn (Manganese), Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zi, Se (Selenium), Mo (Molybdenum), I (Iodine), and W (Tungsten) |
| What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry | Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds. Inorganic chemistry studies all other elements |
| is water an organic molecule | no, water is not an organic molecule |
| is C O2 an organic molecule ` | Carbon dioxide is an organic compound |
| is C100 H202 an organic compound | C100H202 is an organic compound |
| Hexane is a 6-carbon alkane. Write out the Chemical formula | C6H14 |
| Hexane is a 6-carbon alkane. Write out the condensed formula | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 |
| how are the aldehyde and ketone functional groups similar? | aldehydes and ketones both have a carbon that is double bonded to oxygen in their structure |
| how are aldehydes and ketones different | while the both have the a carbon double bonded to oxygen, the differences are based on the other two bonds. in Ketones, the other too bonds are bonded to carbon. In aldehydes, one bond is connected to hydrogen and the other to carbon. |
| what two functional groups are in glycine? | carboxylic acid and amine |
| a cell wall is a combination of carbohydrates and proteins. What level of organization would this indicate and why? | this would be a supramolecular complex. A cell wall is a combination of two types of macromolecules to form a larger complex (through non-covalent interactions) |
| what is the monomer of proteins | amino acid |
| what is the monomer of carbohydrates | monosaccharide |
| what is the monomer to DNA | nucleotide |
| how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different? | prokaryotes have simpler structures with no organelles present. eukaryotes have a true nucleus and organelle structures. eukaryotes are considerably larger than prokaryotes |
| how are Bacteria and Archaea different? | Bacteria and Archaea are both simple cells with no organelle structure, and they lac a true nucleus. Archaea live in extreme conditions, such as hot springs and in the artic; they are thought to be more closely related to prokaryotes. |
| what is the function of mitochondria | mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. responsible for producing ATP. It also contains the metabolic process that yields ATP in the end. |
| what is the function of lysosomes | lysosomes degrade macromolecules (protiens, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) in to smaller pieces. These organelles have an acidic (low) pH. |
| what is the function of vacuoles | vacuoles also have digestive enzymes to degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. plus they largely function as storage centers. |
| what is the energy molecule produced in the mitochondria | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| draw an alkane | see picture (alkane) |
| drawn an alkene | see picture (alkene) |
| drawn an alkyne | see picture (alkyne) |
| draw an alcohol | see picture (alcohol) |
| draw an aldehyde | see picture( aldehyde) |
| draw an amine | see picture (amine) |
| draw an amide | see picture (amide) |
| draw an aromatic (benzene/phynel) | see picture (aromatic) |
| draw a carboxylic acid | see picture (carboxylic acid) |
| draw a thiol | see picture (thiol) |
| draw a ketone | see picture (ketone) |
| what are biomolecules made out of | molecules that are constructed from a framework of carbons and functional groups |
| what are biomolecules | these are naturally molecules that are either part of the cell structure, function, or excretion |
| is uric acid a biomolecule | yes uric acid is a biomolecule |
| name some of the functional groups in uric acid | alkene, amine, amide |
| in cellular function, how is uric acid used | uric acid is a byproduct of other cellular functions and is therefore excreted into the blood stream |
| what happens when there is too much uric acid in the blood stream | too much uric acid causes gout |
| what is adenosine triphosphate | an energy cell used by the cell |
| describe the ATPP molecule | a carbon based skeleton with many functional groups including: phosphoryl groups, alcohol, ether, amine, alkene |
| what is the weight of uric acid | 168 g/mol |
| what is the weight of ATP | 507 g/mol |
| uric acid and ATP are considered to be relatively (small/large) molecules | uric acid and ATP are considered to be SMALL molecules |
| what is the molecular weight of titin | 3,900,000 g/mol |
| monomers linked together form a larger molecule called ___________________ | macromolecule |
| (true/false) macromolecules can include thousands of molecules | true: macromolecules can include thousands of monomers |
| name the three types of macromolecules | DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| what are monomers | the single smallest form of building blocks that help to create marcomolecules |
| how many amino acids are there | 20 |
| what is a supramolecular complex | when two (or more) macromolecules interact (with non-covalent bonds) to create a larger compound |
| what are some examples of a supramolecular complexes | cell walls (combination of proteins and carbohydrates), enzymes in the lysosome, external cell receptors, DNA and proteins during DNA transcription |
| the ______________ is the foundation (or simplest building block) of an organism | the cell |
| what is the function of the plasma membrane in a cell | definition of the cellular space, separate the living activities of the cell from the non-living outside world, |
| what macromolecules is the plasma membrane made out of | lipids and non-polar protiens |
| why is the biochemistry of the plasma membrane important | the lipids and proteins make it flexible and adaptable to its envirmonment |
| prokaryotes include _________________ organisms | single celled organism and bacteria |
| what types of life would be included in Eukaryotes | animals, plants, fungi, algea |
| what are the three types of phylogenies | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| the structures that make up a Prokaryotic cell include: | nucleoid, ribosomes, capsule (in some), flagellum, cell wall (in some), and cell membrane |
| describe the shape that prokaryotic cells can take | spherical, rod-shaped, or cubed |
| what is cytoplasm (cytosol) | an aqueous solution inside the cell |
| what is a nucleoid? what type of cell would have one | a localized area that contains chromosomes and is not separate from the cytoplasm. found in prokaryotes and makes up 20% cell volume |
| what are ribosomes | a supramolecular complex made up of RNA and proteins, this is where proteins are manufactured |
| why are proteins so important to life> | functional proteins perform almost all work in living cells. including: membrane transport, gene manipulation, catalysts for metabolism, etc. |
| what is a metabolite | a small organic molecule |
| what is a metabolome (genome) | a collection of metabolites |
| why are metabolites so important | metabolites give cells their distinct signature, they determine how macromolecules are metabolized, destroyed, and their intermediates. |
| of the two, which group has bigger cells (in general) (prokaryotes/eukaryotes)? why? | eukaryotes are the bigger cells, because they have organelles and therefore need more space to house them. |
| what are organelles | small compartments in the call which have special functions, most have double membranes |
| name the double membrane that encapsulates a true nucleus. | nuclear envelope |
| what is the purpose of a nuclear envelope | the separate the chromosome/DNA and the transcription proteins from the rest of the cytosol |
| what gives the rough endoplasmic reticulum it "rough" appearance | ribosomes |
| what is the function of the rough ER | the synthesis and processing of proteins (remember what is it that gives the rough ER its "rough" appearance?" |
| the rough ER is continuous with | the nuclear envelope and the smooth ER |
| what is the function of the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | formation of lipids (particularly phospholipids for the plasma membrane) |
| in some organs (like muscles) the smooth ER has another name and stores a certain element. what is the name? what is the element/ion? | sarcoplasmic reticulum and stores calcium ions |
| this organelle functions as a traffic stop/the cop for newly synthesized proteins made by the rough ER | Gogli apparatus |
| what is the function of the golgi apparatus | further process proteins |
| name one of the single membrane organelles in the cell | peroxisomes |
| peroxisomes contain various types of enzymes and are the location of | oxidation and degradation of harmful molecules (like hydrogen peroxide) |
| the cells in which organ would have lots of peroxisomes in it | liver (the location of alcohol detox) |
| cell walls cannot be found in in every eukaryote. but what types of eukaryotes do have cell walls | plants , fungi, and algea |
| the cell wall is a supramolecular complex made out of which molecules | carbohydrate fibers and proteins |
| what is the function of a cell wall | to provide structure, rigidity, extra support, and a tough exterior |
| what is the cytoskeleton | a structural feature in cells that provide protection, shape, stability, and assist with motility |
| in regards to motility, what is the function of the cytoskeleton | helps the the cell change shape for movement, helps with movement of organelles, and organization |
| 5 Da = _______________ g/mol | 5 g/mol |
| the Da stands for | Daltons (named after John Dalton) |
| what is the scientific notation for 1 micron | 10^-6 |
| what types of cells can be cubed | plant cells |
Created by:
kandriot
Popular Biochemistry sets