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Metabolism
Enzymes, cellular respiration, biochemical processes, etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define 'metabolism.' | The chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy. |
| Describe the structure of lipids. | The group of biomolecules that includes fats, oils, waxes, hormones, and steroids. They contain a long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a small, polar part containing oxygen. This means that they are mostly nonpolar so they are not soluble in water. |
| Explain why amino acids bonding to form a protein is an example of anabolic metabolism. | |
| Describe the role of water in chemical reactions. | An ideal medium for chemical reactions as it can store a large amount of heat, is electrically neutral, and has a pH of 7.0, meaning it is not acidic or basic. It is also a fluid in which other substances are dissolved. |
| Compare and contrast carbohydrates and proteins. | Carbohydrates are used for energy (glucose). Fats are used for energy after they are broken into fatty acids. Protein can also be used for energy, but the first job is to help with making hormones, muscle, and other proteins. |
| Classify each of the following as organic or inorganic: water, dipeptide, protein, minerals, polysaccharide, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, monosaccharides, triglyceride. | Organic: Dipeptide, protein, lipids, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, monosaccharides, triglyceride. Inorganic: Water and minerals. |
| List the factors that affect the activity of enzymes. | (1) Enzyme concentration. (2) Temperature. (3) Cofactors. (4) Coenzymes. (5) pH. |
| What is the lock-and-key model? | Also called Fisher's theory assumes that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are equal shaped. It supposes that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site of the enzyme |
| Explain why an increased temperature can increase the rate of a reaction and decrease the rate of a reaction. | An increase in temperature causes a rise in the energy levels of the molecules involved in the reaction, so the rate of the reaction increases. Similarly, the rate of reaction will decrease with a decrease in temperature. |
| Explain the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme. | Coenzymes are small, non-protein organic molecules that carry chemical groups between enzymes (e.g. NAD and FAD). Cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that tightly and loosely binds with an enzyme or other protein molecules. |
| Lipase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lipid molecules. Would lipase be able to break a protein down into smaller peptides? Justify your answer. | |
| Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder where the enzyme hexosaminidase A is not produced. Without the enzyme, a fatty substance builds up on neurons, causing a degeneration of the central nervous system. Discuss the importance of enzymes. | |
| Define 'cellular respiration.' | The process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions. In the absence of oxygen, cells can get energy by breaking down food through the process of fermentation, or anaerobic respiration. |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Describe aerobic respiration. | The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. |
| Explain how ATP is able to store energy. | ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells. |
| Describe the importance of the electron transfer system. | Most important stage of cellular respiration from an energy point of view because it produces the most ATP. Energy is liberated and used to attach a third phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to create ATP with three phosphate groups. |
| Summarise the inputs and outputs for the stages of aerobic respiration, including glycolysis. | The inputs, or reactants, of cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. The outputs, or products, of cellular respiration are water, carbon dioxide. |
| Define 'catabolic reaction' and 'anabolic reaction.' | Catabolic reactions break down large molecules from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts. Anabolic reactions synthesize large molecules from smaller constituent parts, using ATP as the energy source for these reactions. |
| List five ways that cells use energy. | (1) To drive metabolic reactions that would not occur automatically; (2) to transport needed substances across membranes; (3) and to do mechanical work, such as moving muscles. |
| Explain why energy is released when ATP forms ADP. | If a cell needs to spend energy to accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP. The energy holding that phosphate molecule is now released and available to do work for the cell. |
| Approximately 60% of the energy produced during cellular respiration is released as heat. Discuss whether this energy is 'waste.' | |
| Explain why cells that require a large amount of energy contain a lot of mitochondria. | The chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate. Muscle cells require a lot of ATP to carry out contraction and this is why a large number of mitochondria are required to produce this ATP. |
| State the function of enzymes in the body. | Enzymes create chemical reactions in the body. They speed up the rate of a chemical reaction to help support life, and assist in building muscle, destroying toxins, and breaking down food particles during digestion. |
| Explain why enzymes are substrate specific. | The active site of an enzyme is very specific to its substrates as it has a very precise shape. This results in enzymes being able to catalyze only certain reactions as only a small number of substrates fit in the active site. |
| Compare and contrast metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. | Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism breaks large molecules into smaller ones. Metabolism is how a cell gets energy and removes waste. Vitamins, minerals, and cofactors aid the reactions |
| Describe the difference between breathing and cellular respiration. | Respiration (breathing) is the way your body gets oxygen into the lungs from the air outside. Cellular respiration describes how your cells make ATP - a molecule used to provide energy for chemical reactions. |
| Explain glycolysis. | A series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Doesn't require oxygen. |
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22JCHAL
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