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Mobile CSP Midterm
Units 2-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abstraction | a general representation of something -- of some person or place or event or process. Extracts common features from specific examples in order to generalize concepts. Words, symbols, maps, and models are all examples. |
| algorithm | a precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be implemented by a programming language and executed by a computer. |
| AND gate | a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) only when both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON). |
| base | the number of distinct digits or symbols used to represent numbers in that system. Our decimal system is base-10 because it uses 10 digits, 0 through 9. |
| binary number system | number system in which all numbers are represented in terms of the 2 binary digits, 0 and 1. |
| binary sequence | a sequence of 0s and 1s. |
| bit | a single binary digit, either 0 or 1. It is the smallest unit of data in a computer. |
| blacklist | In internet terminology, a blacklist is a generic term for a list of email addresses or IP addresses for organizations that known to be spammers. |
| boolean | condition is a true/false condition. It is named after George Boole (1815-1864) an English mathematician. |
| browser | a program that displays web pages and is used to navigate the WWW. |
| byte | A group of eight binary digits or bits. |
| character | any symbol that requires one byte of storage. |
| chip | an informal way of describing an integrated circuit (IC) consisting of millions of tiny circuits. |
| compilation | The process of translating the entire source code into a single binary file. |
| computer | a machine that processes information under the control of a program. |
| Computing Innovation | includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be physical, non-physical computing software, or non-physical computing concepts. For example, self-driving cars, picture editing software, e-commerce, a mobile app |
| constant | such as the numeral '5', is an abstraction that represents a single thing, e.g., the value 5. |
| control structure | a block of programming statements that controls the flow or behavior of an algorithm. |
| CPU | that part of the computer's hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. |
| cyberspace | a metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems. |
| data | the distinct information that is formatted in a special way. Exists in a variety of forms, like text on paper or bytes stored in electronic memory. |
| data abstraction | the practice of organizing and encapsulating certain data into a more general representation. An example would be storing the text 'hello' in a single variable rather than having numerous occurrences of 'hello' in a program. |
| data center | a physical or virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server and networking systems and components for the company's IT (information technology) needs. |
| data network | a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. |
| decimal number system | a base-10 system that we use every day, consisting of the symbols 0 through 9. |
| disk drive | a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device. |
| Event Handler | A block of code that reacts to an event like a button click. |
| Event-driven Programming | the program is activated by events such as button clicks. |
| flip flop | a digital circuit that has two states, ON or OFF, that can be used to store a 1 or a 0. It is the fundamental unit of computer memory. |
| flowchart | a visual (i.e. graphical) notation for expressing algorithms. |
| general purpose computer | can run many different programs (e.g. a smartphone). |
| hardware | includes its electronic and mechanical components that carries out the instructions of a computer program. |
| hexadecimal number system | a base-16 system, consisting of the 16 symbols 0 through 9 and A through F. |
| high level language | a programming language that is human readable (App Inventor) and provides the programmer with easy to understand abstractions. |
| Horizontal Arrangement | A component used to display a group of components laid out from left to right. |
| HTTP | the protocol that controls the behavior of the WWW. |
| IDE | software that provides comprehensive tools for programming such as UI design, code editing, and a way to interpret and run the program. |
| IETF | develops and oversees open standards such as HTTP (www) and SMTP (mail). |
| If/Else | Selection or conditional algorithm that allows a program to choose between different actions. |
| Input | data sent to a computer for processing by a program and can be tactile, audible, visual, or text |
| integrated circuit | informally, a chip, is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, that integrates billions of tiny transistors and logic gates. |
| intellectual property | refers to any property that is created using original thought. Traditional intellectual property include patents, copyrights, and trademarks. |
| Internet | the global public network of independent and autonomous networks that are governed by the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP |
| interpretation | The process of translating source code into machine language one instruction at a time and immediately executing instruction. |
| iteration | another term for 'repetition' |
| logic gate | an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Examples would be AND, OR, and NOT gates that perform basic digital operations. |
| machine language | a programming language that is directly readable by the computer's CPU. |
| Moore's Law | the projection that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will rougly double every year since the integrated circuit was invented. |
| motherboard | houses the computer's main electronic components. |
| network | a group of two or more computer systems linked together. |
| NOT gate | a circuit with one input and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when its input is FALSE (or OFF) and vice versa. |
| octal number system | a base-8 system, consisting of the symbols 0 through 7. |
| open standard | a standard (such as TCP, HTTP) that is not owned or controlled by a private entity. It stands in contrast to 'proprietary' materials', which are owned or controlled by a private entity. Open Standards fuel the growth of the Internet! |
| OR gate | a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when either or both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON). |
| Output | data sent back from the program to the device and can be tactile, audible, visual, or text. |
| overflow error | an error that occurs when the computer attempts to handle a number that is outside of the defined range of values can be represented |
| positional number system | such as our decimal system, the value of a digit in a number depends on its place. |
| procedural abstraction | in computer science is the practice of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can then be invoked by name. |
| processor | a shorthand way of referring to a microprocessor or CPU. |
| program | a sequence of instructions that controls the computer. |
| protocol | a system of rules that govern the behavior of some system. |
| pseudocode | a notation for expressing algorithms, which is more precise that ordinary English but less formal than a programming language. |
| RAM | stores the computer's programs and data temporarily while power is on. |
| repetition | control structure is the repetition of an algorithm for a specified number of times or until a true/false condition is met. |
| selection | control structure uses a true or false condition to determine which of two parts of an algorithm is used. |
| sequence | control structure is the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the statements are given. |
| social network | a social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities. |
| software | consists of the programs that control the computer. |
| special purpose computer | has a fixed program (e.g. a simple calculator, a digital watch, a car's anti-lock braking system). |
| TCP/IP | the suite a protocols that determine the behavior of the Internet. |
| Tim Berners-Lee | invented the World Wide Web (WWW). |
| transistor | a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are the fundamental building blocks of electronic devices. |
| UI Components | Parts of the user interface such as Buttons, Labels, etc. |
| User Events | Actions by the user such as button clicks. |
| User Interface | The part of computer application through which a user interacts with a program. |
| variable | can be used to represent any number and is therefore more general and more abstract than a constant, such as the symbol 'X'. |
| whitelist | is a generic name for a list of email address or IP addresses that are considered to be spam free. |
| World Wide Web | an Internet application of interlinked web pages based on the HTTP protocol. |
| ADT | defines a general data type like list that describes a collection of data without worrying about the specific implementation. |
| algorithm | a step-by-step procedures for solving a particular problem. |
| analog | refers to data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time like sound and music files |
| API | for a program or web service defines how other programs can communicate with it and use it. |
| ASCII | short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character encoding scheme in which each character is represented by a 7-bit (originally) or 8-bit binary sequence. For example, the ASCII sequence 01000001 represents the letter 'A'. |
| assignment | sets a variable to a value or a mathematical expression. |
| bit | short for 'binary digit' |
| bitmap | a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. |
| byte | equals 8 bits. |
| cloud computing | relies on sharing resources online on the Internet rather than having data and process located on a personal computer. |
| comment | a non-executable block of text that can be added to a program to provide clarification and documentation of the code. |
| computer bug | An informal term for error in computer hardware or software -- the term was coined by Grace Hopper. |
| concatenation | Putting two strings together to make a new string. |
| cryptography | means secret writing. It is the science of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format. |
| data abstraction | provides a general way to access a collection of data. |
| data type | The type of data stored in a variable, for example number, string, boolean, or list. |
| database | one way to store persistent data. Examples include TinyDB and Firebase. |
| debugging | The process of removing errors from computer hardware or software. |
| digital | any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers are digital machines because at the basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1. |
| digital signal processing | refers to manipulating analog information. |
| download | to copy data (usually an entire file) from an online source to a personal computer. |
| even parity | the number of 1s in the sequence add up to an even number. |
| expression | involves values, variables, and operators for example (a+b)/2 |
| GPS | allows people to pinpoint their geolocation (geographic location) on Earth using satellites. |
| index | the number or position of an element in the list. |
| list | In computer science, this stores multiple items under one variable name and uses an index to number and access them. |
| lossless compression | an algorithm is one in which no data are lost; the original data can be completely recovered. |
| lossy compression | an algorithm is one in which some data are lost; the original data cannot be completely restored. |
| megabyte | a unit for characterizing the amount of data. It is roughly 1 million bytes |
| megapixel | one million pixels, used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device. |
| modeling | the process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations. |
| OCR | the process of reading text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate. |
| odd parity | the number of 1s in the sequence add up to an odd number. |
| operator | Symbols like +,-,*,/ used for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. |
| parity | In math, this usually means the fact of being even or odd. |
| parity bit | a bit that acts as a check on a set of binary values, calculated in such a way that the number of 1s in the set plus it should always be even or should always be odd. |
| pixel | short for 'picture element', is a single physical point in a raster image. |
| procedural abstraction | the practice of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can then be invoked by name. |
| pseudocode | A blend of English and code used to write down an algorithm for a program. |
| raster | the rectangular area of a display screen actually being used to display images. |
| refactoring | the process of restructuring program code without changing its basic behavior |
| render | refers to the process of adding realism to a computer graphics by adding 3-D qualities, such as shadows and variations in color and shade. |
| run length encoding | A compression algorithm that represents an image in terms of the length of runs of identical pixels |
| sampling | analog data refers to measuring values of the analog signal at regular intervals (usually in time or space) called samples in order to digitize it into a binary representation. |
| spam | electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. |
| steganography | the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages. |
| string | A sequence of characters that can be stored in a variable or list. |
| substring | Part of an existing string. |
| upload | data means to transmit data from a computer to an online repository or service such as a bulletin board service, or drop box, or network. |
| variable | names a memory location to hold different values in your program. |
| accumulator | a special register in the CPU where data is put in order to perform arithmetic and logic operations. |
| ALU | the part of the CPU that performs all logic and arithmetic operations. |
| assembly language | low-level language that uses symbolic names, rather than binary sequences of 0s and 1s, to represent the machine language instructions. |
| Cookies | Small files or bits of data that are stored on your computer. |
| CPU | the part of the computer's hardware that interprets and runs the computer program. |
| Data Privacy | assures that personal information (and sometimes corporate confidential information as well) are collected, processed (used), protected and destroyed legally and fairly |
| Data Security | controls access to personal information and protects against its unauthorized use and acquisition |
| Data Storage | This is how you archive your data. The two types of storage are hard data (RAM, Hard Drive, flash drives, solid state) and remote data (cloud computing) |
| deterministic | Completely predictable, an example would be a PRNG. |
| fair coin | when flipped would come up heads 50% of the time over a large number of coin flips. |
| fetch-execute cycle | the basic process performed by the CPU. On each cycle the CPU fetches the next instruction from RAM, interprets it and executes it. |
| hypothesis | an explanation that can be tested by experimentation. |
| instruction counter | a special register in the CPU that keeps track of the next instruction to be fetched. |
| instruction register | a special memory location in the CPU that stores the current instruction that is being executed. |
| machine langauge | a programming language that is directly readable by the computer's CPU. It consists entirely of 0s and 1s. |
| mod operator | gives the remainder when one number is divided by another. |
| model | an abstraction that provides a simplified representation of some complex object or phenomenon. |
| modular arithmetic | a system of arithmetic for whole numbers where the numbers 'wrap around' upon reaching a certain value known as the modulus. An example would be clock arithmetic. On a 12-hour clock, the time wraps around to 1 after 12 o'clock. |
| overflow error | an error that occurs when the computer attempts to handle a number that is outside of the defined range of values can be represented. |
| Personally Identifiable Information (PII) | Information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, is unique to, or describes them. Examples include your social security number, age, race, phone number(s), and biometric data. |
| PRNG | an algorithm that generates a sequence of numbers that seems random but is actually completely predictable. |
| RAM | stores the computer's programs and data temporarily while power is on. |
| random | the lack of pattern or regularity. A random sequence of events has no order or pattern. |
| random event | an event that cannot be predicted with certainty. Examples would include flipping a fair coin, rolling a die, picking a card from a well shuffled deck. |
| random number generator | an algorithm that generates a sequence of numbers that seem to occur in random order. |
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ajohnsonmcc
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