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Ch. 6 muscle stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractility |
| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | Excitability |
| the ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after being stretched | Elasticity |
| a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle | Epimysium |
| a connective tissue located outside the epimysium. that surrounds and separates muscles | Fascia |
| fasciculi that are surrounded by loose connective tissue | Perimysium |
| single muscle cells that compose fasciculi | Fibers |
| connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber | Endomysium |
| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | Myofibrils |
| thin myofilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | Actin Myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments. that resemble bundles of minute golf clubs | Myosin myofilaments |
| highly ordered units formed of actin and myosin myofilaments | Sarcomeres |
| the charge difference across the membrane | Resting Membrane Potential |
| the brief reversal back of the charge when a muscle cell is stimulated | Action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | Motor neurons |
| when axons enter the muscles and branch and connect to the muscle | Neuromuscular junction/Synapse |
| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | Motor unit |
| the enlarged nerve terminal | Presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | Synaptic cleft |
| the muscle fiber | Postsynaptic terminal |
| they secrete a neurotransmitter and are located in each presynaptic terminal | Synaptic vesicles |
| neurotransmitter secreted from the synaptic vesicles | Acetylcholine |
| an enzyme that rapidly breaks down the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell | Acetylcholinesterase |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | Sliding filament mechanism |
| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle twitch |
| a level where a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches that level | Threshold |
| the muscle fiber will contract maximally when it reaches the threshold | All-or-none response |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | Lag phase |
| the time of contraction | Contraction phase |
| the time during which the muscle relaxes | Relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated | Recruitment |
| another high-energy that a muscle stores when it cant stockpile ATP | Creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen ((less efficient) | Anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen (more efficient) | Aerobic respiration |
| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | Oxygen debt |
| when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle fatigue |
| (equal distance) the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | Isometric |
| (equal tension) the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | Isotonic |
| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time., also keeps head up and back straight | Muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly., well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. white meat of a chicken’s breast | Fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue, and they are better suited for aerobic metabolism. Ex. dark meat of a duck’s breast or the legs of a chicken) | Slow-twitch fibers |
| the most stationary end of the muscle (head) | Origin |
| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | Insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | Belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | Synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | Antagonists |
| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | Prime mover |
| Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, and Elasticity | What Are the Four Major Functional Characteristics |
| actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments | Myofibrils consist of what 2 major kinds of protein fibers |
| muscle | The sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unit of the ________ |
| T | The arrangement of actin and myosin give a banded appearance T/F |
| actin | On each side of the Z line is a light area called an I band, it consists of _______ |
| length | The A band extends the ______ of the myosin |
| Z | Each sarcomere extends from one ___ line (disc) to another ___ line (disc). Each ___ line is an attachment site for actin |
| H | In the center of each sarcomere is another light area called the ___ zone, which consists of only myosin |
| positively negatively | The outside of most cell membranes is __________ charged compared to the inside of the cell membrane, which is __________ charged |
| acetylcholine | What diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell |
| synaptic cleft | When an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it causes the synaptic vesicles to releases acetylcholine into the __________ ______ by exocytosis |
| sarcolemma | The acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor molecules in the muscle cell membrane |
| muscle fiber | The combination of acetylcholine with its receptor causes an influx of sodium ions into the _________ _______ |
| muscle contraction | _______ ___________ occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten |
| shorten | When the sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to ________ |
| T | The H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length T/F |
| (adenosine triphosphate) needed for energy for muscle contraction, is produced in the mitochondria, and short-lived and unstable | ATP |
| (adenosine diphosphate) plus phosphate is a degenerated and more stable ATP | ADP |
| T | Is it necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP T/F |
| inactivity | During periods of ________ as excess ATP is produced in the muscle cell, the energy contained in ATP is used to synthesize creatine phosphate |
| activity | During periods of ________, the energy stored in creatine phosphate can be accessed quickly and used to produce ATP, which can then be used in muscle contraction |
| elevated | After intense exercise, the respiration rate remains ___________ for a period of time even though the muscles are no longer actively contracting |
| oxygen debt | This increased respiration provides the oxygen to pay back the _______ ______ |
| isometric and isotonic | 2 types of muscle contractions |
| origin and insertion | The points of attachment of each muscle are its ______ and _________ |
| tendon | At these attachment points the muscle is connected to the bone by a ______ |
| T | Some muscles have multiple origins or head T/F |
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recunni1
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