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Social Science Combo
Anthropologists, Economists, and Psychologists
| Name | Info | Nationality | Lifespan |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thorstein Veblen | Founding father of institutional economics, and distinguished between “institutions” and “technology” aka his namesake dichotomy. Best known for writing “The Theory of the Leisure Class” and the concept of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. | American | 1857-1929 |
| Milton Friedman | Led the Chicago School of and rejected Keynesian econ.Advised Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher and wrote “Capitalism and Freedom”. Worked with Anna Schwartz on “The Monetary History of the United States” and visited Chile to help their economy. | American | 1912-2006 |
| Paul Krugman | Nobel Laureate. Theorized that hyperglobalization causes economies of scale and more inequality. Supports free trade and globalization and is a critic of industrial policy. Focus on the liquidity trap; low interest rates cause cash to become too common. | American | 1953-Present |
| Adam Smith | Aka “The Father of Economics”. Wrote “The Theory of Moral Sentiments”, and “Wealth of Nations”. Developed divisions of labor and the free market theorem. “The Invisible Hand” guided the social good through selfish actions. Pin factory metaphor. | British | 1723-1790 |
| Ben Bernanke | Former Federal Reserve Board Chair during 2008 financial crash. Wrote a novel in 2015 called “The Courage to Act”, stating that the world economy was close to collapsing and that Fed action was the only thing that saved it. | American | 1953-Present |
| Alan Greenspan | Second longest Federal Reserve Board Chair from 1988-2006. Supported privatizing Social Security and tax cuts, which raised the deficit. Began an association with Ayn Rand and wrote “The Age of Turbulence” and “Capitalism in America”. | American | 1926-Present |
| Janet Yellen | Current Secretary of the Treasury and former Federal chair from 2014-2018, the first woman to hold either position. Was in Bill Clinton’s Council of Economic Advisors and led the report “Explaining Trends in the Gender Wage Gap” while in that position. | American | 1946-Present |
| Friedrich Hayek | Austrian-English economist that defended classical liberalism and worked on the theories of money and economic fluctuations and the interdependence of economies and social events. His book “The Road to Serfdom” has sold well over 2 million copies. | Austrian-British | 1899-1992 |
| Edward Prescott | Studied dynamic macroeconomics and the driving forces behind business cycles". Wrote on the negative effects of taxes in Europe. Wrote “Great Depressions in the 20th Century” and “Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics”. | American | 1940-Present |
| Arthur Laffer | Reagan advisor who created his namesake curve that theorized that between 0% and 100% there will be a rate that will bring in maximum tax revenue. Advised Trump on the COVID pandemic. Ran for Senate in California in 1986, losing in the primaries. | American | 1940-Present |
| Karl Marx | His philosophy states that societies develop through conflict. This man co-wrote “The Communist Manifesto” and wrote “Das Kapital”,argued that a classless, equal society would remove all conflict. Wrote, “A spectre is haunting Europe”. | German | 1818-1883 |
| Friedrich Engels | Co-wrote “The Communist Manifesto” and other works with Karl Marx. Also published “The Condition of the Working Class in England” and edited the second and third parts of “Das Kapital” for Marx after financially supporting him for years. | German | 1820-1895 |
| Ludwig Von Mises | Austrian school economist and sociologist. Talked about the contributions of classical liberalism to society and studied praxeology, aka human choice and action. Moved to the US in 1940, and Taught Friedrich Hayek and now has a namesake school in the US. | Austrian | 1881-1973 |
| Claude Lévi-Strauss | Father of structural anthropology. Wrote The Savage Mind and Mythologiques. Argued that the “savage” mind has the same traits as the “civilized”. Founding member of the École Libre des Hautes Études. Focused on extended family instead of immediate. | French | 1908-2009 |
| Margaret Mead | Wrote Coming of Age in Samoa and Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. Mentored by Ruth Benedict and Franz Boas at Columbia University. Created the term “semiotics”. Focused on culture and personality. | American | 1901-1978 |
| Ruth Benedict | Studied under Franz Boas at Columbia University along with Margaret Mead. Studied “guilt culture” and “shame culture” of the Japanese. Wrote The Chrysanthemum and the Sword and Patterns of Culture. Used “culture and personality” approach to anthropology. | American | 1887-1948 |
| Jane Goodall | Studied wild chimpanzees in Tanzania’s Gombe Stream National Park. Primatologist, conservationist, and anthropologist. Founded a namesake institute to protect primate habitats. Founded a youth program called Roots and Shoots. | British | 1934-Present |
| Franz Boas | Father of American anthropology. Mentored the other important anthropologists. Professor at Columbia. Researched indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest (Baffin Island). Introduced “cultural relativism” and the four-field subdivision. | German-American | 1858-1942 |
| Carl Jung | Worked with Sigmund Freud a lot. Created analytical psychology, wholeness as a person was important. Individuation, where one differentiates oneself out of one’s conscious and unconscious elements. Wrote “The Red Book” and “Modern Man in Search of a Soul” | Swiss | 1875-1961 |
| Sigmund Freud | Father of psychoanalysis, believed dreams showed repressed memories and desires. Believed everything was caused by sexual drive and postulated the Oedipus complex and used free association. Created the id, ego, and superego and hypothesized libido. | Austrian | 1856-1939 |
| B. F. Skinner | Father of behaviorism, also wrote Walden Two. Used operant conditioning on rats in his namesake box to test reinforcement and punishment. Saw free will as an illusion and wrote “Verbal Behavior” which encompassed his studies of human behavior. | American | 1904-1990 |
| Stanley Milgram | Psychologist that did obedience experiments. Was interested by the Holocaust and the Adolf Eichmann trial, tested obedience by having participants press a button that they thought would shock a person in another room, used it to explain My Lai Massacre. | American | 1933-1984 |
| Abraham Maslow | Psychologist who developed his namesake hierarchy of needs. Humanistic psychologist. Critical of Freud’s biological determinism approach. Believed in free will. Believed the main goal of psychotherapy is integration of the self. | American | 1908-1970 |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical conditioning. Conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a metronome. Won Nobel Prize (Physiology/Medicine) in 1904. Explored the physiology of digestion. Openly disapproved Soviet Communism. | Russian | 1849-1936 |
| Noam Chomsky | “Father of modern linguistics”. Anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist activist that defends free speech vigorously. Became famous for “The Responsibility of Intellectuals” and “Manufacturing Consent”. | American | 1928-Present |
| Jean Piaget | Studied cognitive development, especially in children. Pioneered constructivist thinking, where people add things to their current understandings. Has 4 stages of development for children and wanted a qualitative description of knowledge. | Swiss | 1896-1980 |
| William James | Known as the father of American philosophy. Created pragmatism and functionalism and believed in radical empiricism. Wrote “The Principles of Psychology” and “Essays in Radical Empiricism”. Investigated religious experiences. | American | 1842-1910 |
| Erik Erikson | Created a theory on development of humans. Used the phrase “identity crisis” and studied children a lot. Started ego psychology and developed 8 life stages in which a person can succeed or fail. | German-American | 1902-1994 |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | Studied the moral development of children. Created 3 different types of morality based on complexity. Wrote “Essays on Moral Development” and each type of morality has 2 stages. | American | 1927-1987 |
| Margaret Washburn | First woman to get a PhD in psychology and second female head of the APA. Studied under Titchener and wrote “The Animal Mind”. Wrote about her motor theory in “Movement and Mental Imagery.” | American | 1871-1939 |
| Albert Bandura | Famous bobo doll experiment. Studied how children would react and mirror the behavior of adults. Created the social learning theory and self efficacy. Followed Skinner’s beliefs about reward and punishment (operant conditioning). | Canadian-American | 1925-Present |
| Mary Calkins | First female head of the APA. Studied dreams and memories a lot. Harvard allowed her to sit in on lectures even though she wasn't a student. Described psychology as “science of the self” and wrote “The Good Man and the Good”. | American | 1863-1930 |
| Harry Harlow | Used rhesus monkeys to study maternal separation and social isolation. Created surrogate mothers for the monkeys out of wire and cloth. Studied development and the effects of secure and insecure attachment. | American | 1905-1981 |
| E. B. Titchener | Studied under Wilhelm Wundt. Created structuralism, which studied the structure of the mind. Introspection-looking inside oneself, 7 laws of attention, coined the term “empathy”. Wrote “An Outline of Psychology” and founded “The Experimentalists”. | British | 1867-1927 |
| Bronislaw Malinowski | Anthropologist and Economist; ethnographic research. Developed participant observation, basis modern ethnography. Wrote "Argonauts of the Western Pacific" ; masterpiece of anthropology. Held a position at the London School of Economics. | Polis-American | 1884-1942 |
| Emile Durkheim | Sociologist that discussed how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence. Wrote “The Division of Labor in Society” and studied suicide rates of Catholics and Protestants and coined the term “collective consciousness”. | French | 1858-1917 |
| Alfred Adler | Founder of individual psychology. Coined the term “inferiority complex”, Second Viennese school of philosophy. Wrote “The Neurotic Character” and worked with Freud before breaking and forming his own school. | American | 1970-1937 |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Created the first lab for psychological research. Known as the father of experimental psychology. Studied memory and stream of consciousness and turned psychology into a science rather than a humanity. | German | 1832-1920 |
| Peter Diamond | Nobel laureate. Analyzed U.S. social security policy. Created his namesake Coconut model to describe a search economy in which trade partners are not immediately available. | American | 1940-Present |
| John Maynard Keynes | Promoted extensive influence through monetary and fiscal policy and government spending to help battle depressions. Argued that aggregate demand determined the total economic activity and bad aggregate demand would lead to periods of high unemployment. | American | 1883-1946 |
| David Ricardo | His labor theory of value states that the value of goods should be based on the amount of labor taken to produce it, not necessarily material cost. His iron law of wages states that real wages will always tend towards minimum wage to sustain workers. | British | 1772-1823 |
Created by:
Mason Academic Team
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