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Physiology
Chapter 1 - 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathogenesis | The course of disease development. |
| What is another name for Intrinsic control and what do they do? | Autoregulation. Intrinsic control mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ levels. |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal is a part of what? | The body trying to maintain homeostasis and a negative-feedback mechanism. |
| Uterine Contractions are a part of what type of feedback mechanism? | Positive. |
| What are the basic components in a feedback loop control? | Sensor, Effector Mechanism, Feedback and Integrating Center. |
| What do negative feedback systems do? | They oppose a change Maintain homeostasis, Responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. and maintain changed in blood glucose levels. |
| What is homeostasis? | The state of relative constancy |
| What is another name for the normal range or normal reading? | Set point |
| Which body system is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | The Reproductive System |
| What do positive feed back systems do? | They accelerate a change It does not operate to help the body maintain a stable, or homeostatic, condition, it is often harmful, even disastrous, to survival. |
| Where is the body's thermostat located? | Hypothalamus |
| Effectors can be described as | organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables. |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | positive feedback |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | afferent |
| What term describes a signal traveling away from a particular center or point of reference? | efferent |
| Circadian cycles are : | The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cycles are called |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | homeostatic control mechanisms. |
| Feed-forward is ... | The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called |
| _________________ operate at the cell level. These mechanisms regulate functions within the cell, often by means of genes and enzymes. | Intracellular control mechanisms |
| What is ATP | is the form of energy that cells generally use. |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | hydrophilic |
| Proteins are polymers of | amino acids. |
| Proteins have four elements which are | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Functional group | is the term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules. |
| A lipid is the following | A fat, cholosterol, and a steroid. |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. | true |
| Glycogen | is a polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch. |
| Prostaglandin. | The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. | False |
| When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. | False |
| The most important monosaccharide | Glucose |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | Organic molecules. |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | Polymer. |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | Nucleic acid. |
| What determines how a protein performs? | It's shape |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids. |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | Phospholipid and a Steriod. |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL. |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “good” cholesterol and is not associated with the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | HDL. |
| All of the following substances are organic | Lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins. |
| Dehydration synthesis is the | formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are | Steroids |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| A _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. | free radical |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | Nitrogen |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | The number of chromosomes is reduced by half. |
| Normal mitosis results in | Cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by | Osmosis. |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n) | Allosteric effector. |
| The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. | True |
| Filtration is the physical process by | Which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane. |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active transport. |
| The result of meiosis is | Four daughter cells that are haploid. |
| Transcription and translation are | The two processes of protein synthesis |
| The following occur as a result of meiosis | Chromosome number remains at 46. primitive sex cells become mature gametes. meiosis occurs in two steps. |
| RNA makes proteins by | Translation. |
| Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin? | Stratum lucidum |
| Which skin layer is called the barrier area? | Stratum corneum |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | Germinativum. |
| The hair follicle is found in the | Dermis. |
| Apocrine sweat glands can be found in all of the following areas | Armpits, areolae of the breasts, pigmented skin areas around the anus. |
| The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue. | Dermal |
| Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the _____ muscles. | Arrector pili |
| The nail body forms at the nail root, which has a matrix of proliferating cells from the _____________ that enables the nail to grow continuously. | Stratum basale |
| Secretion | The following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways. | True |
| In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? | Sole of the foot |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | Basale |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| A tissue is: | A group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | Dermis |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal? | Because it is semi-solid and flexible bcause endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone |
| Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification? | The flat bones of the cranium |
| Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________ | Epiphyseal plate |
| Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________ | In the endosteum or periosteum |
| Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate? | Calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved |
| In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? | They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity. |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. | Fat and triglycerides |
| Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? | Protection of internal organs |
| Which subtype of fibrous joints is found only in the skull? | Suture |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? | Gliding |
| According to the sliding filament theory | Actin moves past myosin. |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | Symphyses. |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | Threshold stimulus. |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | Latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | Lactate . |
| Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? | Elbow joint |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | Sarcomere |
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Chellesgift
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