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Week 2
Biomolecules
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Organic | describe the enormous number of compounds that contain carbon, specifically C-C or C-H bonds. |
Macromolecules | often have many subunits attached to one another or to the other chemical compounds. |
Functional Groups | arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules. |
Free-radical | functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. |
Carbohydrate Compounds | contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen-usually in the ratio of 1:2:1. |
Carbohydrates | include the substances commonly called sugars and starches. |
Monosaccharides | simple sugar. |
Glucose | the most important simple sugar |
Disaccharides | double sugars: sucrose, maltose, and lactose |
Polysaccharides | complex sugars |
Glycogen | polymer of glucose, sometimes referred to as animal starch. |
Lipids | water-insoluble organic biomolecules |
Nonpolar | doesn't dissolve in water |
Triglycerides | Fats, most abundant lipids and they function as the body's most concentrated source of energy. |
Glycerol | unit is joined to 3 fatty acids, and the glycerol building block is the same in each fat molecule. |
Saturated Fatty Acids | one which all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled. with hydrogen atoms. |
Unsaturated Fatty Acids | one or more double bonds in it's hydrocarbon chain because not all the chain's carbon atoms. |
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids | only one double carbon bond in their chain. |
Glycerol Tricaproate | contains 3 molecules of the six carbon fatty acid caproic acid attached to a glycerol molecules. |
Phospholipids | lipid compounds similar to triglycerides |
Hydrophilic | "water loving", applies to the phospholipid head. |
Hydrophobic | "water fearing", applied to the phospholipid tails |
Cholestrol | steroid found in the plasma membrane surrounding every body cell |
Steroids | large and important class of lipids whose molecules have as their main feature the steroid nucleus. |
Prostaglandins | tissue hormones, lipids composed of a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid that contains a 5-carbon ring. |
Protein | 4 elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
Amino Acids | elements that make up a protein molecules are bonded together to form chemical units. |
Peptide Bond | binds the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid |
Primary Protein Structure | protein refers simply to the number. Kind and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chains. |
Secondary Protein Structure | chains are coiled or bent into pleated sheets |
Tertiary Protein Structure | chain undergo other contortions and be further twisted, globular-shaped |
Quaternary Protein Structure | contains clusters of more than one polypeptide chain, linked together into one gigantic molecule |
Structural Protein | tends and ligaments are fibrous, or threadlike |
Functional Protein | enzymes, certain protein hormones, antibodies, albumin, and hemoglobin |
Denatures | body's proteins loses its shape |
Nucleic Acid | survival of human as a species and survival of every other species/ polymers. |
Nucleotides | polymers of thousand and thousands of smaller molecules |
Adenosine Triphosphate | very important molecule composed of adenine and ribose sugar to which are attached a string of 3 phosphate groups. |
High-Energy Bond | they are broken during catabolic chemical reactions, the energy released is used to form new compounds |