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Introduction to IT
Introduction to IT_Sophia.org
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Information System | A combination of technology, people and processes that collects, creates, distributes and exploits useful information |
| Data | Information or a collection of facts |
| Computer | An electronic devise that uses a combination of hardware and software to manipulate data |
| Hardware | The part of the information system that you can touch. ex: Keyboard, monitor, printer, scanner) |
| Peripheral | A hardware component that is NOT natively a part of the system. ex: Printer |
| Software | The set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. All tasks completed w/a computer will rely on hardware & software. |
| Computer Network | A group of computers connected for the purpose of communication, sharing of data and resources. |
| Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer & Computer (ENIAC) | Was build for the sole purpose of ballistics calculations for the US Military during WWII |
| MPR | Manufacturing Resources Planning. Systems were introduced in the late 60's |
| Microprocessor | Ability to simultaneously run operations & manage date efficiently |
| Mainframe Computer | Ability to organize & store large amounts of data |
| Integrated Circuit | Made it possible for all of a computer's electrical components to reside on one silicon chip |
| Table Computing | Allowed for computerized devise to be operated away from the office |
| Computer Network | A group of computers connected for the purpose of communication & the sharing of data and resources. |
| Client Server | Computer system which a centralized computer provides data to connected computers over a network. |
| LAN | Local Area network Computer network that links computers w/in a building |
| Primary functions of a computer | Input / Output / Processing / Storage |
| Input | Refers to the mode of which data is put into the computer ex: Keyboard, mouse |
| Output | Refers to the mode by which data is delivered ex Display(monitor), speakers, printers |
| RAM | Random-Access Memory. Working memory of computer transfers data from hard disk upon starting. Programs running is loaded into RAM for processing. more RAM will make computer run faster. When computer is turned off any data stored in RAM is lost. |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit. The brains of the device; it performs computations & logic operations sent to it by application software & returns results to be acted upon. |
| Input | Mode by which data enters the computer |
| Output | Mode by which data is delivered |
| SSD | Solid-State Drive. Performs the same function as hard disk; long-term storage. Form of data storage that uses flash memory; all data is stored on a microchip |
| Volatile | Computer storage that only holds data while power remains on |
| Hard Disk | Is not Volatile. Data stored on hard disk can be stored even when the computer is turned off. Where data is stored when the computer is turned off & where it is retrieved from when computer is turned on. All data stored on a hard disk is done magnetically |
| Cloud Computing | Storing and processing data over the internet rather than on personal computer hardware |
| Motherboard | Main circuit board on the computer. ex: of things on motherboard: CPU, memory, storage connect |
| Operating Systems | Makes Hardware usable. Manages the hardware & creates the interface between the hardware and the user. WithOut a OS a computer would not be operational. |
| Application Software | Provides user with the ability to accomplish a goal or purpose ex: Microsoftword, iTunes, internet explorer, computer game |
| Productivity Software | Subcategory of application software - provides office employees ability to complete their work. ex: MS office suite, Skype, Windows Messenger, email, social media |
| Utility Software | Subcategory of application software - Allows you to fix, modify & maintain computer in some way. ex: antivirus, disk defrag software |
| Programming Software | Subcategory of application software - purpose is to make software. Most provide environment know as IDE - Integrated Development Environment, which they can write code, test it, covert it into a format |
| Computer Software | Computer software controls computer hardware. These two components cannot act independently of one another |
| GPU | Graphics Processing Unit - Generates the images on the monitor. Located internally & connects directly to motherboard. "video card" |
| NIC | Network Interface Card - An expansion card that provides computer w/ability to connect to network. referred to as ethernet card |
| Data Storage Components | Hard Disk / Solid-State Drive(SSD) / Flash Drive / RAM / Optical Disc |
| Input Components | Input devise = any hardware component that sends data into the computer Ex: keyboard, posting devise, scanner, digital camera |
| Output Components | Any hardware component that sends data out from the computer. ex: monitor, printer |
| Hard Disk Controller | Gives the processor access to read, write, & modify data on the hard disk, cd-rom, flash drive & any other storage devise. |
| What does a computer read data from? | Hard disk It reads magnetic polarities - one side is 0 (off) and the other side is 1 (on) |
| Bit | A unit of digital data |
| Byte | A string of EIGHT bits A unit of digital data, containing a string of eight binary units (0s or 1s). |
| Command Line Interface | A user-interface that provides users with prompt to type text commands |
| GUI | Graphical User Interface - Contains graphics and icons and is navigated with a mouse |
| User Interface | can be either graphical or command line |
| Mulitask | Refers to whether an OS is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time |
| Multi User | Refers to the OS ability to allow more than one user to use the same computer at same or different times ex: Linus & Unix |
| Open Source | Is free software that makes the source code available for anyone to copy & use |
| System Restore | Provides user with a way to go back to previous system settings |
| Task Manager | If application freezes (doesn't respond) View running tasks View overall system performance Restart computer Display task manager by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete |
| Kilo | KB 1000 1KB = 1000 Bytes |
| Mega | MB 1 million 1MB= 1,000,000 bytes |
| Giga | GB 1 billion 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes |
| Tera | TB 1 Trillion 1 TB = 1 trillion bytes |
| Binary Number System | Base-two numbering system used by computers to work with data; includes the digits 0 and 1. |
| Decimal Number System | Base-ten numbering in which each column in the number represents a power of ten; includes the digits 0-9. |
| Hexadecimal Number System | A numbering system based on sixteen digits; includes the digits 0-9 and A-F. |
| Numbering System | Method of representing numbers of a certain type. |
| Octal Number System | Numbering system based on eight digits; includes the digits 0-7. |
| Safe Mode | A special mode which only the necessary drivers & software loads. restart computer @ sound of beep press F8, at advance boot options menu, use arrow keys to select safe mode, then press enter. |
| System Config elements | Control Panel, Devise Manager, Windows Mobility, Security & Maintenance |
| User interface Elements | Windows Shell, Windows explorer, file folders, windows search, start menu, taskbar, icons, desktop |
| Spreadsheet | Open office Calc, Google sheets |
| Word Processing | MS Word, Google Doc, Open office writer |
| Presentation | MS Powerpoint, Open Office Impress, Google slides |
| MS Word native file format | .doc .docx .rtf |
| MS PowerPoint native file format | .ppt .pptx |
| MS Excel | .xls xlsx |
| MS Access | .acccdb .mdb |
| Text equals what file extension? | .asc, .doc, .docx, .msg, .txt, wed, wps |
| Sound equals what file extension? | .aac, .au, .mid, .mp3, .ra, .snd, .wma, .wav |
| Image equals what file extension? | .bmp, .esp, .gif, .jpg, .pict, .png, .tif |
| Database | .xml, .tar, .sql, .db, dbf, .dat, csv |
| Quantitative Data | Numeric data that is the result of measurement, count or some other mathematical calculation |
| Qualitative Data | Data that is descriptive |
| Database | An organized collection of relative information |
| Table | Collection of related data |
| Record | An entry in database that contains all the data about one instance of a particular person, company, or item |
| Field | A fundamental element of a record: contains one unique piece of info about the record |
| Flat File database | simple type of database that at its core contains a single table of info |
| Relational database | A database in wich all the tables are related by one or more fields |
| Primary Key | unique identifier for each record in the table. A primary key must contain a unique value for each row of data |
| Foreign key | a field in one table that links to the primary key in another table |
| Data type | is a classification of the type of data that a field will hold |
| Data Type Important | Data types are a classification of what kinds of values a field will hold. Data types inform the database on what kinds of actions can be performed on each field. Data types inform the database on how much memory to allocate for each field. |
| DBMS | Database management system |
| Query | is a subset of the data the answers a particular question |
| Big Data | refers to such massively large data sets that conventional database tools do not have the processing power to analyze them |
Created by:
edarr
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