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Non-fermentative GNB
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which organisms are considered non fermenters | P. aeruginosa, Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter & Moraxella |
| What is the Gram stain result for the nonfermenters? | Gram negative bacilli |
| What is the Gram stain result for Campylobacter & Helicobacter? | Gram negative rods; S-shape, spirals, & seagull wings |
| What is the Gram stain result for Vibro? | Gram negative rods; some may be curved |
| What is the Gram stain result for Gardnerella vaginalis? | Gram-variable coccobacilli |
| What is the Gram stain result for Cardiobacterium hominis? | Gram negative rods in rosettes |
| What is the Gram stain result for Bacteroides fragilis? | Gram negative rods |
| What is the Gram stain result for Prevotella? | Gram negative rods |
| What is the Gram stain result for Porphyromonas? | Gram negative rods |
| What is the Gram stain result for Peptostreptococcus? | Gram positive cocci |
| What is the Gram stain result for Veillonella? | Gram negative cocci |
| What is the Gram stain result for Propionibacterium? | Gram positive rods; looks like Chinese letters |
| What is the Gram stain result for Actinomyces? | Gram positive branching rods |
| What is the Gram stain result for Eubacterium & Bifidobacterium? | Gram positive rods |
| What is the Gram stain result for Clostridium species? | Gram positive rods with spores |
| What is the Gram stain result for Clostridium perfringens? | Gram positive rods, box-car shaped |
| Which organisms are associated with water? | Aeromonas, Legionella (airborne/respiratory), Vibrio, & P. aeruginosa |
| Which organisms are associated with dogs &/or cats? | B. henselae, Pasteurella, & Capnocytophaga canimorsus/cynodegmi |
| Which organism is found in animal urine? | Leptospira |
| Which organisms are associated with a variety of animals other that cats & dogs? | Campylobacter, Brucella, Franciscella, & Coxiella |
| Which organisms are associated with ticks? | Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, & Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Which organism is associated with lice? | Borrelia recurrentis |
| What is the natural habitat for most of the anaerobes? | Near human mucosal surfaces (GI tract, RT, genital tract & skin) |
| HACEK mnemonic stands for the following organisms: Haemophilus species, especially aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, _________________, ________________ & ___________________ . | Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, & Kingella species |
| What is the natural habitat for the HACEK organisms? | Human oral flora |
| What is the natural habitat for Capnocytophaga species (not C. canimorsus/cyndoegmi)? | Human oral flora |
| Although Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is an aerobic organism, it is often found in association with an anerobic organism. What is that MO? | Actinomyces israelii |
| What are the names of the anaerobic GNBs? | Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, & Fusobacterium |
| What is the name of the anaerobic GPC? | Peptostreptococcus anaerobius |
| What is the name of the anaerobic GNC? | Veillonella |
| What is the name of the anaerobic, small GPB (Chinese lettering)? | Propionibacterium acnes |
| What is the name of the anaerobic, branching GPB? | Actinomyces |
| Besides Clostridium what other anaerobic GPB are described in the notes? | Eubacterium & Bifidobacterium |
| What is the name of the anaerobic, box-car GPB? | Clostridium perfringens |
| What is the name of the anaerobic, spore forming GPB? | Clostridium |
| Which organisms need a microaerobic atmosphere for growth? | Campylobacter & Helicobacter |
| Name the organism that causes gastric ulcers. | Helicobacteria pylori |
| Name the organism associated with bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. | Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus |
| What disease is usually associated with Campylobacter jejuni & Campylobacter coli? | Diarrhea |
| Name the organism that causes primary atypical pneumoniae. | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Mycoplasma ____________ is associated with genital tract infections. | Mycoplasma hominis |
| Which organism causes swimmer's ear? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Which organism causes cepacia syndrome? | Burkholderia cepacia |
| Which organism causes cholera? | Vibro cholerae |
| Which organism causes Pontiac fever & Legionnaire's disease? | Legionella species, typically pneumophila |
| Which organism causes Q fever | Coxiella burnetii |
| Which organism causes trench fever, bacteremia, bacillary angiomatosis? | Bartonella quintana |
| Which organism causes cat scratch fever, bacteremia, bacillary angiomatosis? | Bartonella henselae |
| Which organism causes undulant fever? | Brucella |
| Which organism causes joint infections in young children? | Kingella kingae |
| Which organism causes rabbit fever? | Franciscella tularensis |
| Which organisms cause rat bite fever? | Spirillium minor & Streptobacillus moniliformis |
| What disease is associated with the HACEK group? | Endocarditis |
| Which organism causes relapsing fever? | Borrelia recurrentis |
| Which organism causes Lyme disease? | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Which organism causes trachoma? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| Name the diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that effect newborns | Inclusion conjunctivitis & neonatal pneumonia |
| Name the STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that produces a regional lymphadenopathy (hint: the disease is rarely seen in the U.S.). | Lymphogranuloma venereum |
| What are the sexual transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that are commonly seen in the U.S | Cervicitis, PID, & urethritis |
| Name the disease caused by Ureaplasma. | Urethritis |
| Which organism causes whooping cough? | Bordetella pertussis |
| Which organism is associated with bacterial vaginosis? | Gardnerella vaginalis |
| Which organism causes syphilis? | Treponema pallidum |
| Which organism causes Rock Mountain spotted fever? | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Which organism causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis? | Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
| Which organism causes human granulocyte anaplasmosis? | Anaplasma phagocytophilum |
| Which organism causes gas gangrene & septicemia? | Clostridium perfringens |
| Which organism causes antibiotic associated diarrhea & pesudomembranous colitis? | Clostridium difficile |
| The isolation of Clostridium septicum from a blood culture is often associated with ____________ _____________ . | Underlying malignancy |
| Name two organisms associated with cystic fibrosis patients. | Bulkholderia cepacia & mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Vibrio is usually transmitted through contaminated ________ & _________. | Water & seafood |
| Patients with underlying liver disease are especially at risk if infected with _________ ___________. | Vibrio vulnificus |
| How should specimens for Chlamydia culture be transported? | On wet ice |
| Name two aerobic organisms that require special transport media. | Bordetella & Chlamydia |
| Describe the decontamination method used for Legionella specimens. | Specimen + acid wash solution, left at RT for few minutes, then inoculated |
| Specimens requesting Chamydia trachomatis isolation & identification should contain __________ cells. | Epithelial |
| Name four organisms that are detected by DFA. | Legionella, Francisella, Chlamydia trachomatis, & Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Legionella pneumophila is frequently detected in urine using ___________ __________ . | Antigen tests |
| To isolate Brucella, blood cultures & bone marrows are hold for ___ days when nonautomated BC systems are utilized; ____ days for automated BC systems. The specimens are subcultured ________ to BAP & CHOC and held for 1 week. | 30; 10 & weekly |
| What is the method of choice for detecting Bordetella & Ehrlichia/Anaplasma? | PCR |
| How are Clostridium difficile and Clostridium botulinum infections usually diagnosed? | Toxin detection methods |
| What test should be performed after biochemically identifying Vibrio cholerae? | Serogroup to detemine if 01 or 0139 |
| Which organism causes a rise in cold agglutinins? | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Which organisms can be identified by using darkfield microscopy? | Treponema pallidum & Spirillium minus |
| Which organism is associated with the production of clue cells in vaginal specimens? | Gardnerella vaginalis |
| Which organisms are considered laboratory hazards? | Brucella & Francisella |
| Which organisms are identified presumptively and then referred to the Arkansas Health Department? | Brucella & Francisella |
| What are the selective & differential media used to isolate Burkholderia cepacia & how do the colonies appear on the agars? | BCSA & OFPBL agars - produce yellow colonies |
| What are the selective media used to isolate Campylobacter jejuni/coli? At what temperature are the media incubated? | Campy BAP or Skirrow agar; incubate at 42 |
| What is the selective & differential medium used to isolate Vibrio? | TCBS agar |
| What is the medium used to isolate Legionella? | BCYE |
| What does BCYE contain that is required for Legionella growth? | Cysteine & iron |
| What are the media used to isolate Bordetella? | Bordet-Gengou & charcoal blood agar (Regan-Lowe) |
| What is the selective & differential medium used to isolate Clostridium difficile? | CCFA |
| What are the media used to isolate Gardnerella vaginalis? | V agar or HBT agar |
| What is the medium used to isolate Leptospira? | Fletcher's agar |
| What is the method of choice for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in adults? | NAAT |
| \If sexual abuse is suspected in a child, what is the method of choice for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis? | Culture; involves shell vial w/ McCoy cells |
| What is the recommanded medium used to isolate Francisella tularensis? | Glucose-cysteine blood agar |
| What amino acid has to be present in media to isolate Francisella tularensis? | Cystine or cysteine |
| What is the selective & differential medium used to isolate Bacteroides & Prevotella (aids in detecting pigmented Prevotella)? | LKV or KVLB |
| What is the medium used to culture Streptobacillus moniliformis? | Media w/ body fluids (serum, ascites fluid, blood) |
| What distinguishes Streptobacillus moniliformis from Spirillium minus? | Streptobacillus is culturable; Spirillium is not |
| What is the anaerobic selective medium that inhibits facultative GNBs but allows the growth of facultative GPC & rods and as well as most anaerobes? | PEA-K |
| What is the selective & differential medium used to isolate & presumptive ID Bacteroides fragilis group? | Bacteroides bile esculin agar (BBE) |
| How does Bacteroides fragilis group appear on BBE? | Black |
| How does Bordetella pertussia appear on Bordet-Gengou | Mercury drops |
| How do Vibrio cholerae/alginolyticus & Vibrio vulnificus/parahaemolyticus appear on TCBS? | V. cholerae/alginolyticus = yellow (ferment sucrose); others are blue-green |
| What type of hemolysis is produced by Gardnerella on V agar or HBT agar? What type of hemolysis is produced on BAP? | Beta hemolysis on human blood; gamma hemolysis on BAP |
| How does Clostridium difficile appear on CCFA? | Yellow colonies |
| Which organisms need a CO2 atmosphere for growth? | HACEK group, Capnocytophaga & Brucella |
| Do all Campylobacter species require 42 for growth? | No, C. fetus grows at 37 |
| What two methods are used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in shell vials? | Iodine stain for glycogen inclusion or DFA |
| What organisms are used to perform the reverse CAMP test? | Known Gp B strep & suspected Clostridium perfringens isolate |
| What does a positive lecithinase look like? | Opaque zone surrounding colonies |
| What does a positive lipase look like? | Oil on water |
| Which reagent is used to perform the spot indole test | Paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde |
| Which reagents are used to perform the nitrate test? | Sulfanilic acid & dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine |
| The Weyant & Associates charts divides the nonfermentors into 8 groups based on _______, ________, ________, & _________. | OF glucose, oxidase reaction, growth on MAC & motility |
| What is the appearance of nonfermenters on MAC/EMB? | Lactose negative - colorless |
| What type of reaction is expected when an enteric is inoculated to OF glucose media? | Yellow in both tubes; open & closed (oil) |
| What type of reaction is expected when Moraxella or Acinetobacter is inoculated to OF glucose media? | Both tubes are blue-green; open & closed (oil) |
| How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa use glucose? | Can only use in presence of oxygen |
| What type of nitrate reaction is produced by enterics? | Positive; after addition of reagents A & B (nitrate to nitrite) |
| What type of nitrate reaction is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Positive; no color change after addition of zinc (nitrate to nitrogen |
| What type of nitrate reaction is produced by Acinetobacter? | Negative; red after addition of zinc (can not reduce nitrate) |
| What is the identification of the following organism: pyocyanin production; oxidase + growth at 42; TSI = K/K | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What is the identification of the following organism: GPC, anaerobe SPS = S | Peptostreptococcus anaerobius |
| What is the identification of the following organism: GNB, anaerobe K, V, C & Bile = R BBE = black | Bacteroides fragilis |
| What is the identification of the following organism: Clue cells on wet mount Beta-hemolytic on HBT Starch + | Garnerella vaginalis |
| What is the identification of the following organism: Double zone of hemolysis Reverse CAMP = +; lecithinase = + Nagler = + | Clostridium perfringens |
| What is the identification of the following organism: GNB, S shapes & gull wings Grows on BAP & CHOC at 37 Rapid urease = + | Helicobacter pylori |
| Name two nonfermentors that are oxidase negative | Acinetobacter & Stenotrophomonas |
| Burkholderia, Moraxella, Kingella, & Eikenella are all oxidase positive. Name other organisms that are oxidase positive | Vibrio, Campy/Helico, Aeromonas, & Plesiomonas (also Pseudomonas) |
| Most of the vibrios are halophilic (require salt for growth). Which vibrio is nonhalophilic? | Vibrio cholerae |
| Which organism appears green on TSA and why? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pyocyanin |
| Which organism smells like bleach? | Eikenella corrodens |
| Which organism produces mercury drop colonies? | Bordetella |
| Which organism pits the agar? | Eikenella corrodens |
| Which organism produces molar tooth colonies? | Actinomyces |
| Which organism produces sulfur granules? | Actinomyces |
| Which organism produces a double zone of hemolysis? | Clostridium perfringens |
| Which organisms fluorescence red? | Prevotella, Porphyromonas, & Veillonella |
| Which organism smells like corn taco, grapes, or new shoes? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Which organism smells fruity? | Myroides odoratum (formally a part of Favobacterium) |
| Which organisms produce yellow pigment? | Flavobacteria & Capnocytophaga |
| Which organisms produce black pigment? | Prevotella & Porphyromonas (same ones that fluoresce red w/ UV light) |
| Which organisms move by "darting"? | Vibrio cholerae & Campylobacter |
| Which organism is multi-resistant but can be treated with SXT (trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole)? | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
| Which organism is a GNB and sensitive to penicillin? | Moraxella |
| Which organism produces fried-egg colonies? | Mycoplasma |
| Which organism is called anaerobic diphtheroids? | Propionibacterium |
| Which organism produces rice-water stool? | Vibrio cholerae |
| What is the identification of the following organism: GPB (Chinese letters); anaerobe indole = +; catalase = + | Propionibacterium acnes |
| How long should anaerobe jars/bags be held before reading the plates? | 48 hours |
| How long are cultures held in the anaerobic chamber before they are read | They can be read after 18-24 hours of incubation. |
| How often should the catalyst be changed if using the older anaerobe jars? | Use fresh catalyst with each use; reactive by heating at 160 for two hours |
| What are the indicators that are used in anaerobic jars/chamber? | Methylene blue (blue in O2) & resazurin (pink in O2) |
| How long does it take to achieve anaerobic conditions in the anaerobic jars? How long does it take for the indicator to turn white? | 1-2 hours to achieve ANA conditions; 3-4 hours for the indicator to turn |
| How does the tech determine he/she is working with an anaerobe? | Subculture to CHOC (incubate CO2) & ANA-BAP (incubate ANA) |
| What type of loop should be used when working with anaerobes? | Platinum, stainless steel, or sterile wooden sticks |
| What type of specimens are acceptable for anaerobic cultures? | Aspirates & tissues; swabs are least desirable |
| Thoat/nasopharyngeal/sputum and GI (feces or bowel contents) specimens are unacceptable for anaerobic cultures. What other specimens are unacceptable for anaerobic cultures? | Voided urine & vaginal/cervical swabs |
| A doctor comes to the micro lab to pick-up anaerobic transport media. The anaerobe media has a pink color. It is acceptable for use? | NO, the pink color indicates the media contains O2 |
| Which test has been considered the gold standard for detecting Clostridium difficile toxin? Which test is becoming the gold standard? | Cytotoxicity test; real time PCR |
| Are other tests besides the cytotoxicity test used to detect Clostridium difficile toxin? | Yes - LA & EIA |
| Interpret the following cytotoxicity test results: Stool + antitoxin + tissue cells = No CPE Stool + tissue cells = No CPE | No C. difficile toxin present |
| Interpret the following cytotoxicity test results: Stool + antitoxin + tissue cells = No CPE Stool + tissue cells = CPE | C. difficile toxin present |
| What is the natural habitat for Chromobacterium violaceum? | Soil & water |
| What tests can be determined from egg yolk agar? | Lecithinase, lipase & proteolysis |
| Some organisms are not commonly cultured, but are detected by using serological methods. What are these organisms? | Francisella, Brucella, Heliobacter, Coxiella, & Bartonella |
| The laboratory receives a shipment of thioglycollate (THIO) with vitamin K & hemin. Can the THIOs be used as soon as they are received? | No, the THIOs have to be boiled before use |
| Which two organisms appear as enterics on EMB & MAC, are oxidase positive, and ferment glucose? (some species can also ferment lactose) | Aeromonas & Plesiomonas |
| What types of diseases are associated with Aeromonas species? | Extraintestinal and intestinal |
| What type of disease is associated with Plesiomonas shigelloides? | Intestinal are most common - diarrhea |
| Which organism is associated with human bites &/or fist fights? | Eikenella corrodens |
| Two organisms that were previously in the Chlamydia genus are now in a genus called Chlamydophila? What are these organisms and what diseases do they cause? | C. pneumoniae causes pneumonia; C. psittaci causes ornithosis or parrot fever |
| Which organisms are associated with rats? | Spirillium minor & Streptobacillus moniliformis |
Created by:
Mwortman
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