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IntroPsych-Chp 10
Developmental Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental Psychology | The field of psychology that focuses on development across the life span. |
| Nature | Biology |
| Nurture | Environment |
| Maturation | Systematic Physical growth of the body, including the nervous system. |
| Early Childhood | is the "formative period" |
| Critical period | the sensitive period which imprinting occurs. biologically determined period in the life of some animals durning which certain forms of learning can take place most easily. |
| Early Experiences | Experiences occurring very early in development, believed by some to have lasting effects. |
| Stages | one of several time periods in development that is qualitatively distinct from the periods that come before and after. |
| Stage Theorists | believe that all children must pass through the same qualitatively different stages in the same order. Stages are believed to be biologically programmed to unfold in a fixed sequence in all normal persons. |
| Piaget | A Stage Theorist - Development of cognition in children - 4 major stages of cognitive development |
| Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget) | Birth - 2 years child deals w/reality in terms of sensations & motor movements @ this stage unable to reason in mental symbols. |
| Preoperational Stage (Piaget) | 2-7 years Cognitive development Child capable of symbolic thought often 'illogical' in ways that revel the unique nature of preoperational cognition |
| Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget) | 7-11 years middle childhood ability to reason like an adult, except for reasoning about abstract concepts such as justice, infinity or meaning of life |
| Formal Operational Stage (Piaget) | 11 Years on end of the stage of child hood, most progressed to full adult cognition, including the ability to reason using abstract concepts. |
| Kohlberg's Theory | Moral development is concerned w/the logical process of carving at answers to moral dilemmas. Concluded we pass through 3 major levels of development of moral reasoning: Premoral Level Conventional Level Principled Level |
| Premoral level | Children have no sense of morality as adults understand it Make moral judgements to obtain rewards or avoid punishment |
| Conventional level | Make moral decisions basis of what they think others will think of them, particularly parents and other persons of authority. Make moral decisions based on rules |
| Principled Level | Judge actions on basis of ethical principles rather than consequences to us. based on one's principles of morality, even if differs from rules of the larger community |
| Gillian's Theory of Moral development | suggested Kohlbergs theory isn't alway accurate for girls. Argues female go through diff.stages. progress form self-interest towards a balanced concern for welfare of self & others.Female moral reason centers on needs of people rather than abstract |
| Gilligans Stage Theory of Moral Development | Morality as individual survival Morality as Self-Sacrifice Morality as Equality |
| Erikson's stage theory of personality development | Stages are turning points/CRISES, the outcome will partly determine course of future personality development. focuses on the person's developing relationships w/others in the social world. |
| Erikson's stage 0-1 yrs | Basic trust vs Mistrust |
| Erikson's stage 1-3 yrs | Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
| Erikson's stage 3-5 yrs | Initiative vs guilt |
| Eriksons stage 5-11 yrs | Industry vs Inferiority |
| Erikson's stage 11-18 yrs | Identity vs role confusion |
| Erikson's stage 18-40 | Intimacy vs isolation |
| Erikson's stage 40-65 | Generativity vs stagnation |
| Erikson's stage 65-years on | Integrity vs dispair |
| Neonatal period | first two weeks of live following birth |
| Infancy | 2 weeks to 2 years |
| Object Permanence | the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are not in view. emerges between the ages of 6 and 9 months |
| Telegraphic speech | the abbreviated speech of a 2 yr old |
| Early Childhood | 2 to 7 years = Piaget's theory preoperational stage |
| Egocentric | self oriented quality in the thinking of preoperational children |
| Animism | the egocentric belief of preoperational children that inanimate objects are alive as they are. |
| Concrete Operational Stage | Understands reversibility concept of conservation understood more decentered (able to think of more than one thing at a time) Friendship grps/'cliques' emerge |
| Adolescence | the period the onset of puberty until beginning of adulthood rapid physical growth & change & heightening of sex/romantic interest peers are more important cable of reasoning g in abstractions |
| Primary sex Characteristics | Ovulation & menstruation in females Production of Sperm Males |
| secondary sex characteristics | development of breasts & hips & body hair = Females growth of testes, broad shoulders, lower voice, growth of penis & facial hair & body hair=males |
| Most important physical change in adolescence | the Brain.--structure & organization of limbic system & frontal lobes change rapidly from childhood to adolescence. in ways that promote risk taking, novelty seeking & emotional response to stress. |
| Adolescent egocentrism | (Elkind) Imaginary audience Personal Fable Hypocrisy Pseudostupidity |
| Fluid Intelligence | solving logical problems. on average fluid intelligence declines by a 1/3 by the late 80s |
| Crystallized intelligence | knowledge & skills declines very slowly after 30s |
Created by:
edarr
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