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Chapter 6 Skeletal
OsseosTissue and Bone Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Primary Functions of the Skeletal System | Support and Frame Work, Storage of Minerals and Lipids, Blood Cell Production, Protection, Leverage |
| Bone Shapes | Long Bone, Flat Bone, Sutural Bone, Irregular Bone, Short Bones, and Sesamoid. |
| Surface features that can yield an abundance of anatomical information. | Bone Markings |
| Extended Tubular Shaft on a long bone | Diaphysis |
| Expanded end of a long bone | Epiphysis |
| Narrow zone between the Epiphysis and The Diaphysis | Metaphysis |
| Marrow Cavity | Medullary |
| Thin layer of compact bone covering spongy bone. | Cortex |
| Crystals formed by Calcium phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide | hydroxyapatite |
| Mature bones cells that occupy the Lacuna. Maintain protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix and participating in the repair of damaged bone. | Osteocytes |
| Layers of bone matrix that contain lacuna and oseocytes | Lamellae |
| Narrow passageways through the matrix, extended between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases | Canaliculi |
| Immature bone cells that secrete organic components of matrix. | Osteoblasts |
| Process in which Osteoblasts create new bone matrix | Osteogenesis |
| Matrix before calcium salts are deposited | Osteoid |
| Stem Cells whose division creates osteoblasts | Osteoprogenitor |
| Multi nucleated cell that secretes acid and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix. | Osteoclasts |
| Erosion process, conducted by the osteoclasts, that resolves the bone matrix and releases stored minerals (Important in the regulation of calcium and phosphate). | Osteolysis |
| Basic function unit of mature compact bone. Osteocytes are arranged in a concentric layer around a central canal. | Osteon or Halverson System |
| Structure of Spongy bone. Matrix arranged in struts and plates. | Trabeculae |
| Found between trabeculae of spongy bone. Within the epiphysis of long bones and the interior of other bones such as the sternum and ilium. Responsible for Blood Cell formation. | Red Bone Marrow |
| Spongy bone that contains adipose tissue an important energy reserve. | Yellow Bone Marrow |
| Except within join cavities, a superficial layer that covers all compact bone. | Periosteum |
| An incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavities. | Endosteum |
| The process of replacing other tissue with bones.. | Ossification |
| The deposition of calcium salts. | Calcification |
| Process where cartilage models are gradually converted to bone. | Endochondral Ossification |
| The site where the bone development begins. | Primary Ossification Center |
| Created during step 5 of the Endochondral Ossification process. The center of the epiphyses begin to calcify, and capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to area. | Secondary Ossification Center |
| Cartilage that prevents damaging bone to bone contact within the joint. | Articular Cartilage |
| A narrow cartilaginous region that that separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis. | Epiphyseal Cartilage or Epiphyseal Plate |
| In adults, this is the formal location of the epiphyseal Cartilage. | Epiphyseal Line |
| Process where cells of the inner layer of the periosteum differentiate into osteoblast and deposit superficial layers of bone matrix. | Appositional Growth |
| Process where osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. The bones that result from this process are called dermal bones. | Intramembranous Ossification |
| Bones that result from Intramembranous Ossification | Dermal Bones |
| The location in a tissue where ossification begins. | Ossification Center |
| Small struts that grow outward from the ossification center. | Spicules |
| The process where organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continuously being recycled and renewed. | Remodeling |
| Kidneys. Promotes calcium and ion absorption along the digestive tract. | Calcitriol |
| Pituitary Gland, Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix. | Growth Hormone |
| Thyroid Gland. With Growth Hormone, Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix. | Thyroxine |
| Estrogens/ Androgens. Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix. | Sex hormones |
| Parathyroid Gland. Stimulates Osteoclast (and Osteoblast) activity; elevates calcium ion concentrations in body fluids. | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
| Thyroid Gland (C cells) Inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss at the kidneys; reduces calcium ion concentrations in body fluids. | Calcitonin |
| Crack or break resulting from extreme loads, sudden impacts , or stresses from unusual directions. | Fracture |
| Large blood clot resulting from a fracture. | Fracture Hematoma |
| Enlarged collar of cartilage and bone that encircles the bone at the level of the fracture. | External Callus |
| Organizes within the medullary cavities from the result of a fracture. | Internal Callus |
| Inadequate ossification | Osteopenia |
| Condition in which the reduction of bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function. | Osteporosis |
| Dense bone containing a structure of osteons and lamellae | Compact Bone |
| Cancellous or Trabecular bone found in the epiphysis | Spongy Bone |
| Runs parallel to the surface of the bone. Contains one or more blood vessels that carries blood to and from the osteon. | Central Canal or Haversian Canal |
| Occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg. | Pott Fracture |
| Type of fracture that shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments. | Comminuted Fracture |
| Type of fracture that breaks the bone shaft across its long axis | Transverse Fracture |
| Fractures that are produced by twisting stresses that spread alonf the length of the bone. | Spiral Fracture |
| Fractures: A.)produces new and abnormal bone arrangements. B.) retains the normal alignment of the bones or fragments | Displaced Fractures/ Nondisplaced |
| A break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to cushion a fall. | Colles Fracture |
| Fracture where only one side for the shaft is broken, and the other is bent. This fracture generally occurs in children, whose long bones have yet to ossify fully. | Greenstick Fracture |
| Fracture that occurs where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying. A clean traverse fracture along these lines heals well. fractures between the epiphysis and the epiphyseal cartilage can perm. stop growth at site. | Epiphyseal Fracture |
| Fracture that occurs in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses. | Compression Fracture |
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