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Chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensory Receptors | respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals |
| Sensation | A feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory impulse |
| Perception | the way the brain interprets sensory information |
| Chemoreceptors | respond to chemicals (examples: smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) |
| pain receptors | respond to tissue damage; triggered by mechanical, electrical, thermal or chemical energy |
| nociceptors | pain receptors |
| Thermoreceptors | respond to changes in temperature |
| Mechanoreceptors | Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues |
| Photoreceptors | respond to light |
| Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles | - Feel in the deeper layers of skin, tissues, tendons, and ligaments -Detect heavy pressure and vibrations |
| tactile corpuscles | - Abundant in hairless portions of skin examples- Lips, tongue, finger tips - Fine touch and texturef |
| free nerve endings | Common in epithelial tissues Simplest receptors Sense itching Itch, superficial |
| Proprioceptors | body position, joints, muscles, tendons |
| Interoceptive | viscera stimulus, stomach pain, blood pressure |
| Exteroceptors | external stimulus, hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, sight, sound, touch, smell |
| Sensory Adaptation | - Ability to ignore unimportant (or continuous) stimuli - Smell - you can smell it for a first seconds but then you get used to it |
| Sensory Adaptation Example | Earrings, watch, rings, at first you can feel them but you cannot feel that you are wearing them because your brain ignores them. |
| warm receptors | sensitive to temperatures 77-113 degrees F |
| Cool Receptors | Sensitive to 50-68 degrees F |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva, pink eye |
| conjunctiva | thin membrane that covers the eye, on inside of the eyelid, outside of the eye |
| inferior oblique | rotates the eye upward and away from the midline |
| superior oblique | rotates the eye downward and away from the midline |
| lateral rectus | moves eye laterally |
| medial rectus | moves eye medially |
| inferior rectus | rotates the eye downward and toward the midline |
| superior rectus | elevates eye and turns it medially |
| Extrinsic Muscles | move the eyeball |
| Cornea | thick layer "window" light rays pass through cornea cells are transparent curved |
| astigmatism | defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye |
| Lacrimal Glands | secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film |
| stye | bacterial infection of an oil gland in the eyelid. This results in a red tender bump at the edge of the eyelid. The outside or the inside of the eyelid can be affected. |
| visceral pain | Organ pain, Referred pain can be hard to diagnose |
| Synesthesia | describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound") |
| Non-Drug Pain Relievers | Ice, heat, stretching/exercise, massage, yoga, acupuncture, physical therapy, epsom salt, TENS unit |
| Acute pain | sharp, travels fast Stops as soon as the stimulus stops Conducted impulses rapidly Specific point, pinpoint spot |
| Slow Pain ( C ) FIbers | General area, dull achy pain Difficult to localize Slow impulses *cerebral cortex judges intensity of pain and locates the source of pain |
| Opiates | erious side effects if not used correctly Can be addictive Can ONLY be prescribed |
| olfaction (olfactory sense) | sense of small |
| Non-Drug Pain Relievers | Ice, heat, stretching/exercise, massage, yoga, acupuncture, physical therapy, epsom salt, TENS unit |
| Synesthesia | joined sensations |
| 1 out of how many people have a form of synesthesia | 1 in 23 people have a form of synesthesia |
| Sense of Smell | Runs through the limbic system (emotions) then to cerebral cortex (for interpretation) |
| Sense of smell provides | 75-80% of taste |
| Sense of smell responds to chemicals by.. | chemicals dissolved by liquids |
| Spicy foods activate... | pain receptors |
| 5 Primary Taste Sensations | Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami |
| Pathway of Vibrations: | 1 Air auricle 2. EAM - external auditory meatus 3. Tympanum 4. malleus 5. Incus 6. tapes |
| Pathway of Vibrations: | 7. oval window (covered by oval membrane-part of vestibule) > 8. fluid 9. cochlea 10. organs of corti (spiral organ) 11. cochlear nerve 12. brain |
| Two Types of Hearing Loss | Conduction and Nerve |
| Conduction | 95% of cases of hearing loss |
| conduction | Tympanum thickens with maturity Hearing aid amplifies vibrations: improves conductivity not nerves |
| Nerve | Loud noises damage nerves overtime |
| nerve | Damage to cochlear nerve/brain: hearing aid won’t help |
| Why do people need a cochlear implant? | They have problems conducting vibrations |
| Born Deaf | serious enough that a hearing aid does not help |
| Surgery | inside of scalp, wired down to cochlea, takes place of organs of corti, sends message through skin into transmitter. |
| Sense of Equilibrium: | Feeling of equilibrium/balance is derived from 2 senses: |
| two types of equilibrium's | Static Equilibrium, Dynamic Equilibrium: |
| Static Equilibrium | senses position of head when body is not moving |
| Static Equilibrium Receptors are found .. | in vestibule of inner ear |
| Macula | has hair cells, embedded in gelatinous material |
| Otoliths | crystals in vestibules- gravity always pulls them down |
| Otoliths shift position and | pull on gelatinous mass and cilia of hair cells |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | Senses rotation and movement of head and body |
| Dynamic Equilibrium Receptors are found | in semicircular canals |
| Epley Maneuver | Puts stones back into place for better hearing Treats dizziness with hearing |
| Binaural Hearing | ability to hear in both ears |
| Decibel | unit of measurement corresponding to one tenth of a bel |
| Stye | bacterial infection of an oil gland in the eyelid. This results in a red tender bump at the edge of the eyelid. The outside or the inside of the eyelid can be affected. |
| Lacrimal Glands | paired, almond-shaped exocrine glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film |
| Extrinsic Muscles | Controls which way the eye can look |
| 3 layers of the eye | inner, outer, and middle |
| outer layer | sclera and cornea |
| sclera | white part of the eye, protects eye from damage |
| cornea | transparent layer |
| middle layer | iris, ciliary body, and choroid |
| ciliary body | holds the lens in the eye |
| lens | focuses incoming light |
| iris | colored part of the eye |
| pupil | where light enters through |
| choroid | brings nutrients to the eye |
| inner layer | retina |
| retina | has receptor cells, recieve information from outside and transfer it to our brain by optic nerve |
| how many pairs of cranial nerves make sure the eyes track together? | 3 pairs |
| Conjunctiva | thin membrane that covers the eye, on inside of the eyelid, outside of the eye |
| conjunctivitis | pink eye |
| Astigmatism | abnormal curvature of the cornea |
| Lasik surgery | eye surgery to correct vision in which a laser reshapes the inner cornea |
| Anterior Cavity | behind the cornea, aqueous humor |
| Ciliary Body | controls the shape of the lens |
| Lens | flexible and changes shape, focuses light rays |
| Presbyopia | lens loses elasticity |
| Bifocals | eyeglasses with lenses that have two different sections- for seeing close up and far away |
| Cataracts | clouding of the lens |
| macula | where color vision is best |
| forea | where vision is the best |
| Posterior Cavity | space enclosed by lens, ciliary body, and retina - contains vitreous humor |
| Vitreous Humor | thick gel that supports internal structures and maintains shape of eye |
| Glaucoma | too much pressure, too much vitreous humor, changes shape of the eye |
| Rods | allow you to see black and white, scattered, all light |
| Cones | allow you to see color, concentrated, need bright light to function, fovia |
| Myopia | nearsighted |
| Hypermetropia | far sighted |
| Visual acuity | sharpness of vision |
| Binocular Vision | two eyed vision |
Created by:
bcampbell20
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