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SCI 220
Human Anatomy with Lab 2020-1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integumentary | skin= protection, temperature regulation, sensation |
| Skeletal | bones and ligaments= support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production |
| Muscular | muscles and tendons= movement, posture, heat production |
| Levels of organization | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ |
| Anatomical position | the body is in an erect, or standing, posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward |
| Bilateral symmetry | divided by a line into bilaterally symmetrical sides |
| Lumen | the hollow area of any organ |
| Medullary | an inner region or core of an organ |
| Cortical | an outer region or layer of an organ |
| Basal | refers to the base or widest part of an organ |
| Apical | refers to the narrow tip of an organ |
| Cross-section | of the whole body would be a transverse section |
| Oblique section | a cut along a plane that is not at right angles to the planes |
| Acromial | shoulder |
| Crural | leg |
| Hallux | great toe |
| Manual | hand |
| Menta | chin |
| Olecranal | back of elbow |
| Pollex | thumb |
| Popliteal | behind the knee |
| Sural | calf |
| Zygomatic | cheek (outside) |
| Major elements | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnessium |
| Trace elements | silicon, aluminum, iron, manganese, fluorine, copper, vanadium, chromium, boron, cobalt, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, tin, iodine |
| Octet rule | general principle in chemistry whereby atoms usually form bonds in ways that will provide each atom with an outer shell of eight electrons |
| Isotopes | an element contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| Ionic, or electrovalent bond | a chemical bond formed by the transfer of elec-trons from one atom to another |
| Covalent bond | a chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer energy levels of two atoms |
| Polar molecule | molecule in which the electrical charge is not evenly distributed, causing one side of the molecule to be more positive or negative than the other |
| Nonpolar | adjective describing a covalent chemical bond (or covalently bonded molecule) in which there is equal sharing of electrons and therefore no dis-tinct areas of electrical charge |
| Polarity | condition of having two opposite faces or ends; e.g., molecules and membranes can exhibit polar faces with different charges and epithelial cells have basal and apical poles |
| Decomposition reactions | chemical reaction that breaks down a substance into two or more simpler substances |
| Catabolism | breakdown of food compounds or cytoplasmic constituents into simpler compounds |
| Anabolism | cells making complex molecules from simpler compounds |
| Adenosine triphos-phate (ATP) | chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells |
| Dehydration synthesis | anabolic process by which molecules are joined to form larger molecules; often called condensation reaction because it joins molecules together into a denser mass |
| The pH scale | A pH of 7 indicates neutrality (equal amounts of H and OH). A pH of less than 7 indicates acidity (more H than OH). A pH of greater than 7 indicates alkalinity (more OH than H) |
| Hypercapnia | excessive carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Autopoiesis | concept of self-organization and self-maintenance as a characteristic of all living organisms |
| Eponyms | scientific term based on a person’s name, such as islets of Langerhans |
| Fluid mosaic model | theory of plasma membrane composition in which molecules of the membrane are bound tightly enough to form a continuous layer but loosely enough so molecules can slip past one another |
| Hydrophilic | adjective describing a particle or substance that is attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic | adjective describing a particle or substance that is not attracted to or is repelled by water |
| Rafts | a structure made up of groupings of molecules (cholesterol, certain phospholipids, proteins) within a cell membrane that travel together on the surface of the cell |
| Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) | any of the numerous kinds of proteins embedded within cellular membranes |
| Cytoplasm | gel-like sub-stance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and plasma membrane; includes organelles (except nucleus) and cytosol (intracellular fluid) [ |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm that con-tributes to cellular protein manufacture (via attached ribosomes) and distribution |
| Ribosomes | organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; sometimes called “protein factory” |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle consisting of small sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus that makes carbohydrate compounds, combines them with protein molecules, and packages the product for distribution from the cell |
| Lysosomes | membranous organelle containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; participate in autophagy (“self eating”) of unneeded or abnormal proteins or organelles |
| Proteasome | cell structure that breaks down individual proteins |
| Peroxisome | organelles that detoxify harmful substances that have entered cells |
| Mitochondria | organelle in which ATP generation occurs; often termed “powerhouse of cell” |
| Nucleus | dense, well-defined but membraneless body within the nucleus; critical to protein formation because it “programs” the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus |
| Microtubules. | thick cell fiber hollow tube responsible for movement of substances within the cell or movement of the cell itself |
| Intermediate filaments | twisted strands of protein, slightly larger than microfilaments that make up part of the cell’s internal skeleton |
| Centrosome | area of the cyto-plasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking up of microtubules in the cell |
| Molecular motors | small structures in the cell made up of one or two molecules and that act as mechanisms of movement |
| Centrioles | one of a pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with the spindle fibers formed during mitosis |
| Desmosomes | category of cell junction that holds adjacent cells together; consists of dense plate or band of connecting structures at point of adhesion |
| Gap junctions | cell connection formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other |
| Tight junctions | connection between cells at which they are joined by “collars” of tightly fused membrane |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) | common form of muscular dystrophy also called pseudohypertrophy |
| Epithelial tissue | tissue type that covers the body and its parts; lines various parts of the body; forms continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels |
| Connective tissue | most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body |
| Histogenesis | formation of tissues from primary germ layers of embryo |
| Muscle tissue | tissue type that produces movement |
| Nervous tissue | tissue type consisting of neurons and glia that provides rapid communication and control of body functions |
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) | material between cells in a tissue, made up of water and a variety of proteins and other molecule |
| Collagen | principal organic constituent of connective tissue |
| Basement membrane (BM) | the connective tissue layer of the serous membrane that holds and supports epithelial cells |
| Elastin | stretchy protein found in elastic fiber |
| Epithelial membranes | membrane composed of epithelial tissue with an underlying layer of connective tissue |
| Connective tissue membranes | body membrane that lines movable joint cavities; for example, synovial |
| Cutaneous membrane | primary organ of the integumentary system; the skin |
| Serous membrane | two-layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities and covers surfaces of organs |
| Mucous membranes | epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secretes mucus |
| Goblet cells | epithelial cell that produces and secretes large amounts of mucus |
| Synovial membranes | connective tissue membrane lining spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid |
| Synovial fluid | hick, colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane in synovial joints |
| Functions of the epithelial tissue | protection, sensory functions, secretion, absorption, and excretion |
| Four cell shapes | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified columnar |
| Classification of connective tissue | fibrous, bone, cartilage, and blood |
| Adipose tissue | fat tissue; fat-storing tissue |
| Fibrous (connective tissue proper) | loose fibrous (areolar), adipose, reticular, and dense (1) Irregular (2) Regular (a) Collagenous (b) Elastic |
| Bone | compact and cancellous (spongy) |
| Cartilage | hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic |
| Hyaline cartilage | the most prevalent type of cartilage and is found in the support rings of the respiratory tubes and covering the ends of bones that articulate at joints and less collagen |
| Fibrocartilage | strongest and most durable type of cartilage and serve as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral disks) and in the knee joint. |
| Elastic cartilage | found in the external ear and in the voice box, or larynx and contains few collagen fibers but large numbers of very fine elastic fibers that give the matrix material a high degree of flexibility |
| Smooth muscle tissue | nonstriated involuntary and has no cross striations and cannot ordinarily be controlled by the will |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | striated voluntary and voluntary or willed control |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | striated involuntary, has cross striations, and contractions cannot ordinarily be controlled by will |
| Dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) | thin, gluelike layer that binds the epidermis of the skin to the underlying dermis |
| Friction ridges or epidermal ridges | raised underlying dermal papillae; form fingerprints |
| Stratum basale | a single layer of columnar cells. Only the cells in this deepest stratum of the epithelium undergo mitosis. |
| Stratum spinosum | “spiny layer” of the epidermis is formed from 8 to 10 layers of irregularly shaped cells with very prominent intercellular bridges, or desmosomes |
| Stratum granulosum | where the process of surface keratin formation begins. cells are arranged in a sheet two to four layers deep and are filled with intensely staining granules, which are required for surface keratin formation |
| Stratum lucidum | very flat, closely packed, and clear. Typically, nuclei are absent and the cell outlines are now indistinct. These dying cells are filled with a substance called eleidin |
| Stratum corneum | the most superficial layer of the epidermis. It is composed of very thin squamous (flat) cells, which at the skin surface are dead and continually being shed and replaced |
| Hypodermis | sometimes called the subcutaneous layer, or superficial fascia |
| Two groups of melanin | eumelanin and pheomelanin |
| Beta-carotene | precursor of vitamin A in the body; may con-tribute to skin color |
| Lipofuscin | brownish pigment that accumulates in aging skin cells, producing a type of age spot |
| Endocrine | Vitamin D production |
| Excretion | Water, urea, ammonia, and uric acid |
| Convection | the transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of heated air or fluid particles |
| Structure of long bone | diaphysis, epiphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary (marrow) cavity, and endosteum. |
| Structure of short bone | internal table,external table, and diploe |
| Cancellous | constitutes about 20% of the total bone mass and differs in microscopic structure from compact bone |
| Trabecular bone | also called cancellous bone, is porous bone composed of trabeculated bone tissue |
| Blood calcium levels | osteoblasts serve to remove calcium from blood, thus lowering its circulating levels. When osteoclasts are active and breakdown of bone predominates, calcium is released into blood and circulating levels will increase |
| Intramembranous ossification | takes place within a connective tissue membrane |
| Endochondral ossification | progresses from the diaphysis toward each epiphysis |
| Chondroitin sulfate | type of proteoglycan that helps thicken and hold together the matrix of connective tissue |
| Rickets | condition primarily seen in infants and children caused by vitamin D deficiency |
| Cranium | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid |
| Face | nasal, maxillary, zygomatic (malar), mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae (turbinates), and vomer |
| Ear bones | malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) |
| Upper extremities (including shoulder girdle) (64 bones) | clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges |
| Lower extremities (including hip girdle) (62 bones) | coxal, fibula, femur, patella, tibia, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges |
| Age differences | After age 50, the density of bone often decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. |
| Environmental factors | Without enough calcium and vitamin D, especially during the developmental years, the skeleton may not reach its full potential of growth, or it may show signs of early degeneration |
| Differences between male and female skeletons | The general difference is one of size and weight, the male skeleton being larger and heavier. The specific differences most obviously concern the shape of the pelvic bones and cavity. |
Created by:
JoyceH
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