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Historical Figures
Non-US leaders/monarchs/politicians/etc through end of 1900's
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PRIME MINISTER: dismantled India's policy of state control over the economy called the License Raj; economist and first Sikh prime minister of India | Manmohan SINGH |
| KING: signed one of the earliest peace treaties in history with Hattusili III at Kadesh; fought the Hittites in a massive chariot battle in 1274 BC; Egyptian ruler of the 19th dynasty | RAMSES II or RAMSES THE GREAT or OZYMANDIAS |
| EMPEROR: crushed Mack von Leiberich's forces at the Battle of Ulm; after Alexander I and Francis II, was the third emperor in the Battle of the Three Emperors, another name for the Battle of Austerlitz which he won in 1805 | NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE (either part is good) |
| RULER: called First Council of Nicaea, which produced Nicene Creed; Lorenzo Valla debunked idea that this man transferred authority to the Pope in a namesake "donation"; first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity | CONSTANTINE (the first or the great, not needed) |
| LEADER: placed exploited nations in the bottom-most tier of his Three Worlds Theory; ordered villages to construct smelting facilities to produce low-grade steel during the Great Leap Forward; began Cultural Revolution | MAO Zedong |
| KING: to signify personal sovereignty, he changed his official title to use "of" instead of "in"; this Hohenzollern annexed and retained Silesia in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War; "enlightened despot" | FREDERICK the Great or FREDERICK II of Prussia |
| PRIME MINISTER: the only UK prime minister to be assassinated | Spencer PERCEVAL |
| PRIME MINISTER: the first UK prime minister | Robert WALPOLE |
| PRIME MINISTER: the surname of two UK prime ministers known as the "Elder" and the "Younger"; namesake of Pennsylvania city | William PITT |
| PRESIDENT: helped to found the Fifth Republic, the latest incarnation of France's government | Charles DE GAULLE |
| EMPEROR: killed following the Battle of Cajamarca even though he paid the Spanish a ransom of almost eight tons of gold; Incan emperor | ATAHUALPA (ah-tah-WALL-puh) |
| PRIME MINISTER: British man who promised "peace for our time" after signing the Munich Agreement of 1938 | Neville CHAMBERLAIN |
| PRIME MINISTER: suspended most elections in 1975 by declaring "The Emergency"; ordered Operation Blue Star, which sent troops into the Golden Temple at Amritsar; assassinated in 1984 by Sikh nationalists; female prime minister of India | Indira GANDHI (need at least the "I" from the first name, or prompt) |
| LEADER: before winning Battle of Junin, met a rival at the Guayaquil Conference; his subordinate Antonio Jose de Sucre served as president of a country named for him; "Liberator" who led national independence movements in South America | Simon BOLIVAR |
| POLITICIAN: in a book, he rips up Milady de Winter's letter of pardon; known as the "Red Eminence" in real life; in fiction, gives promotion to D'Artagnan at the end of The Three Musketeers; clergyman who became Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624 | Cardinal RICHELIEU (re-shel-YOO) |
| PRESIDENT: known as "Uncle" Ho; led Viet Minh independence movement; Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and president from 1945 to 1969; Saigon renamed to his "City" | HO CHI MINH |
| PRESIDENT: Vladimir Putin was his prime minister from 1999 to 2000; first man to serve as president of Russia when post was created in 1991 | Boris YELTSIN |
| EMPEROR: had a collar of gemstones made for his horse Incitatus; name refers to "little boots" he wore while fighting barbarians in modern-day Germany; succeeded by Claudius after being assassinated by guards in AD 41; third Roman Emperor | CALIGULA or GAIUS CAESAR |
| LEADER: his government was opposed by nobles who used slogan "sonno joi"; during his government's Bakumatsu period, its sakoku isolationist policy ended after Matthew Perry's squadron arrived in Edo; led final Japanese shogunate | TOKUGAWA Ieyasu (Meiji Restoration followed) |
| KING: first Norman King of England; his most famous battle depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry; defeated Harold Godwinson to win Battle of Hastings in 1066 | WILLIAM THE CONQUERER |
| EMPEROR: monarch who sent sorcerer Xu Fu to find Anqi Sheng's elixir of life; after triumphing over Warring States, promoted his doctrine of legalism through mass book burnings; his tomb included the Terracotta Army; first emperor of unified China | Qin SHI HUANG (chin shur hwahng) or SHI HUANGDI |
| REVOLUTIONARY: defeated Andre Rigaud in the War of Knives; former slave whose revolution against French rule led to the independence of Haiti | Toussaint LOUVERTURE |
| KING: Virginia settlement of Middle Plantation was renamed to honor this Prince of Orange; installed on the English throne by the Glorious Revolution | WILLIAM III or WILLIAM OF ORANGE (prompt on William) |
| KING: "Second Grand Alliance" opposed him and his grandson in the War of the Spanish Succession; converted hunting lodge into a residence containing the Hall of Mirrors; created Versailles palace and was called the "Sun King" | LOUIS XIV (the 14th...prompt on Louis) |
| EMPEROR: depicted wearing an orange cloak in a painting of him "crossing the Alps" created by Jacque-Louis David; won 1805 Battle of the Three Emperors, or Austerlitz; defeated at Battle of Waterloo | NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE (either part) or NAPOLEAN I |
| TITLE: until he died, Louis XVI's young son Louis-Charles bore this French title as heir apparent to the throne | DAUPHIN (doh-FAN) of France |
| EMPEROR: first emperor of his name; targeted in failed Decembrist revolt; Russian | NICHOLAS I |
| EMPEROR: issued the October Manifesto in response to a 1905 revolution that included Bloody Sunday; overthrown by the Bolsheviks in 1917 | NICHOLAS II |
| PRESIDENT: ordered 342 prisoners killed at the Goliad Massacre; captured after the Battle of San Jacinto by soldiers seeking revenge for this man's army killing Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett; won 1836 Battle of the Alamo | Antonio Lopez de SANTA ANNA |
| PRIME MINISTER: nearly killed in the Brighton hotel bombing of 1984; Conservative; known as the "Iron Lady" | Margaret THATCHER |
| LEADER: his 1959 trip to Disneyland was cancelled for security reasons; U-2 incident led him to walk out of the Paris Four Powers summit; once banged his shoe on a desk to protest a UN speech; liberalized the USSR | Nikita KHRUSHCHEV |
| RELIGIOUS LEADER: wrote "I bless all of you from my heart" on becoming first person to tweet from the @Pontifex account; "emeritus" was appended to his title after he announced surprise resignation; preceded Francis | Pope BENEDICT XVI (16th) |
| LEADER: he was in a car on a drive to Appel Quay to visit victims of a bombing when he was assassinated in 1914; killed by a member of the Black Hand named Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist; his death sparked WWI | Archduke FRANZ FERDINAND |
| EMPEROR: Mughal who built the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife Muntaz; father of Aurangzeb | SHAH JAHAN (juh-HAHN...need both parts) |
| RELIGIOUS LEADER: canonized in 2016; founded Missionaries of Charity; gained fame for work with the poor in the Indian city of Calcutta | MOTHER TERESA (need both parts) |
| KING: established short-lived empire after defeating King Rim-Sin I of Larsa; sun god Shamash credited with giving this king a text whose philosophy is summarized as "an eye for an eye"; Babylonian | HAMMURABI (references Code of Hammurabi) |
| MONARCH: succeeded Vasili III; his oprichniki secret police committed a 1570 massacre in Novgorod | IVAN THE TERRIBLE or IVAN IV (4th) |
| POLITICIAN: formed League of the Three Emperors and the Triple Alliance; after 20 years in office, this Prussian was dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II; "Iron Chancellor" | Otto von BISMARCK |
| LEADER: blamed weak federal government and 1812 earthquake for the failure of Francisco de Miranda's republic in a manifesto written from Cartagena; won Battle of Caraboro, which led to formation of Gran Colombia; "Liberator" | Simon BOLIVAR |
| ROYAL: supposedly dressed as an Amazon while taking part in Second Crusade; after her marriage to Louis VII was annulled, she married the duke of Normandy who later became king of England, Henry II; duchess | ELEANOR of Aquitaine |
| DICTATOR: ordered Caravan of Death which killed at least 70 people in 1973; took power in a coup that overthrew Salvador Allende; Chilean | Augusto PINOCHET |
| RELIGIOUS LEADER: vowed to Saint Anne after nearly being struck by lightning caused him to leave law school and enter theology; summoned at 1521 Diet of Worms after lambasting sale of indulgences; initiated Protestant Reformation | Martin LUTHER |
| KING: first king of England from the House of Stuart | JAMES I of England, previously JAMES VI of Scotland |
| DICTATOR: he rose to power in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War | Francisco FRANCO |
| EMPEROR: his finance minister was killed in the League of Blood incident; his Jewel Voice Broadcast announced his nation's surrender following Bockscar dropping "Little Boy" on Nagasaki | HIROHITO (or SHOWA Emperor) |
| KING: Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed during his reign; group known as "the Mountain" supported killing him; in the flight to Varennes, he tried to escape with Marie Antionette; executed in French Revolution | LOUIS XVI (16th) |
| KING: led English forces in the Third Crusade; nicknamed the Lionheart | RICHARD III or RICHARD THE LIONHEART (before it would be read) |
| EMPEROR: Holy Roman Emperor who sent the German forces on the Third Crusade; name means "red beard" | Frederick BARBAROSSA |
| EMPEROR: his son and successor went mad after killing the Apis bull; not a Mede, but founded an empire that used governors called satraps; released captive Jews after conquering Babylon; first sovereign of Persian empire | CYRUS THE GREAT or CYRUS II |
| LEADER: In Dante's Inferno, two traitors who stabbed him are endlessly chewed upon by Satan; his ghost warns "thou shalt see me at Philippi" in a Shakespeare tragedy; killed on Ides of March | JULIUS CAESAR |
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