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Cp louise
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ABC Classification | The classification of a group of items in decreasing order of annual dollar volume price multiplied by projected volume or other criteria. This array is then split into three classes, called A, B, and C. The A group usually represents 10% to 20% by number |
| Active tag | "An RFID tag which broadcasts information and contains its own power source." |
| Advanced planning and scheduling | "Techniques that deal with analysis and planning of logistics and manufacturing over the short–, intermediate–, and longterm time periods and describe any computer program that uses advanced mathematical algorithms or logic to perform optimization or sim |
| Agent | One who acts on behalf of another (the principal) in dealing with a third party. |
| Anticipation inventories | "Additional inventory above basic pipeline stock to cover projected trends of increasing sales, planned sales promotion programs, seasonal fluctuations, plant shutdowns, and vacations." |
| Artificial intelligence | "Computer programs that can learn and reason in a manner similar to humans. The problem is defined in terms of states and operators to generate a search space that is examined for the best solution. In contrast, conventional programming collects and proc |
| Assemble–to–order | "A production environment where a good or service can be assembled after receipt of a customer’s order." |
| "Automatic identification and data capture system" | "A set of technologies that collect data about objects and then send these data to a computer without human intervention. Examples include radio frequency wireless devices and terminals, bar code scanners, and smart cards." |
| Available Inventory | "The on–hand inventory balance minus allocations, reservations, backorders, and (usually) quantities held for quality problems. Often called beginning available balance." |
| Availabe–To–Promise | "The uncommitted portion of a company's inventory and planned production maintained in the master schedule to support customer–order promising." |
| Backlog | "All the customer orders received but not yet shipped. Sometimes referred to as open orders or the order board." |
| Backorder | "An immediate (or past due) demand against an item whose inventory is insufficient to satisfy the demand." |
| Balance Sheet | "A financial statement showing the resources owned, the debts owed, and the owner’s share of a company at a given point in time." |
| Bar Coding | "A method of encoding data using bar code for fast and accurate readability." |
| Batch Processing | "1) A manufacturing technique in which parts are accumulated and processed together in a lot. 2) A computer technique in which transactions are accumulated and processed together or in a lot." |
| Bill of Lading | "A carrier’s contract and receipt for goods the carrier agrees to transport from one place to another and to deliver to a designated person. In case of loss, damage, or delay, the bill of lading is the basis for filing freight claims." |
| Bill of Material | "1) A listing of all the subassemblies, intermediates, parts, and raw materials that go into a parent assembly showing the quantity of each required to make an assembly. It is used in conjunction with the master production schedule to determine the items |
| Blanket Order | "A long–term commitment to a supplier for material against which short–term releases will be generated to satisfy requirements. Often covers only one item with predetermined delivery dates." |
| Bottleneck | "A facility, function, department, or resource whose capacity is less than the demand placed upon it." |
| Buffer | "1) A quantity of materials awaiting further processing. It can refer to raw materials, semifinished stores or hold points, or a work backlog that is purposely maintained behind a work center. 2) In the theory of constraints, time or material and support |
| Business Intelligence | "Information collected by an organization on customers, competitors, products or services, and processes." |
| Business Plan | "1) A statement of long–range strategy and revenue, cost, and profit objectives usually accompanied by budgets, a projected balance sheet, and a cash flow (source and application of funds) statement. 2) A document consisting of the business details (orga |
| Business–to–business commerce | "Business being conducted over the Internet between businesses. The implication is that this connectivity will cause businesses to transform themselves via supply chain management to become virtual organizations, reducing costs, improving quality, reduci |
| Capacity | "1) The ability of a system to perform its expected function. 2) The ability of a worker, machine, work center, plant, or organization to produce output per time period. 3) Required mental ability to enter into a contract." |
| Carrying Cost | "A percentage of the dollar value of inventory per unit of time (generally one year)." |
| Cash Flow | "The net flow of dollars into or out of the proposed project. The algebraic sum, in any time period, of all cash receipts, expenses, and investments. Also called cash proceeds or cash generated." |
| Cash–to–cash Cycle Time | "1) An indicator of how efficiently a company manages its assets to improve cash flow. Inventory days + accounts receivable days – accounts payable days. 2) The time it takes for an investment to flow back into a company after it has been spend for raw |
| Chase Product Method | "A production planning method that maintains a stable inventory level while varying production to meet demand." |
| Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment | "1) A collaboration process whereby supply chain trading partners can jointly plan key supply chain activities from production and delivery of raw materials to production and delivery of final products to end customers. Collaboration encompasses business |
| Collaborative Transportation Management | "A method of sharing information among suppliers, buyers, and transporters to add value to the service." |
| Competitive Analysis | "An analysis of a competitor that includes its strategies, capabilities, prices, and costs." |
| Component Commonality | "A form of design standardization where a single part is used to replace a variety of similar parts." |
| Consortia trade exchange | "A Web–based marketplace, usually owned by a third party, that allows members to trade with each other." |
| Constraint | Any element or factor that prevents a system from achieving a higher level of performance with respect to its goal. |
| Content Management | "Applications that support the evolutionary life cycle of digitalbased information and make information dynamically updatable online." |
| Control Chart | "A graphic comparison of process performance data with predetermined computed limits." |
| Cost of Goods Sold | "An accounting classification useful for determining the amount of direct materials, direct labor, and allocated overhead associated with the products sold during a given period of time." |
| Cost of Poor Quality | The costs associated with providing poor quality products or services. |
| Cross–Selling | "A selling method that occurs when customers buy additional products or services after the initial purchase." |
| Cumulative Lead–time | "The longest planned length of time to accomplish the activity in question. It is found by reviewing the lead time for each bill of material path below the item; whichever path adds up to the greatest number defines cumulative lead time." |
| Customer Relationship Management (CRM). | A marketing philosophy based on putting the customer first. |
| Cycle Stock | "The most active component of inventory which depletes gradually as customer orders are received and is replenished cyclically when supplier orders are received." |
| Decoupling | "Creating independence between supply and use of material. Commonly denotes providing inventory between operations so that fluctuations in the production rate of the supplying operation do not constrain production or use rates of the next operation." |
| Data Normalization | "A database maintenance term used in the context of relational databases, which helps to minimize the duplication of information or safeguard the database against certain types of logical or structural data anomalies." |
| Data Warehouse | "A repository of data that has been specially prepared to support decision–making applications." |
| Demand Forecasting | "Forecasting the demand for a particular good, component, or service." |
| Demand Management | "1) The function of recognizing all demands for goods and services to support the marketplace. It involves prioritizing demand when supply is lacking and can facilitate the planning and use of resources for profitable business results. 2) In marketing, t |
| Demand Matching | "Approach to production planning where output is increased and decreased to closely match demand." |
| Demand Planning | "The process of planning all demands for products and services to support the marketplace. The process involves updating the supporting plans and assumptions and reaching consensus on an updated demand plan." |
| Demand Pull | "The triggering of material movement to a work center only when that work center is ready to begin the next job. It in effect eliminates the queue from in front of a work center, but it can cause a queue at the end of a previous work center." |
| Dependent Demand | "Demand that is directly related to or derived from the bill of material structure for other items or end products. Such demands are therefore calculated and need not and should not be forecast." |
| Design for the Supply Chain | "A term used in conjunction with the concurrent design of a firm’s products, enhancing the product design in consideration of the issues that will arise in the overall supply chain, from raw material to the final stage of the product’s life cycle." |
| Demonstrated capacity | proven capacity calculated from actual performance data usually expressed as the average number of items produced multiplied by the standard hours per item |
| Demand lead time | The amount of time potential customers are willing to wait for delivery of a good or a service |
| Demurrage | Carriers charges and fees applied when rail freight cars and ships are retained beyond a specified loading unloading time |
| Direct labour | Labour that is specifically applied to the good being manufactured or used in the performance of the service |
| detention | Courier charges and fees applied when truck trailers are retained beyond specified loading or unloading time |
| direct material | Material that becomes a part of the final product in measurable quantities |
| Discrete manufacturing | The production of distinct items such as automobiles appliances computers |
| Dispatching | Selecting and sequencing available jobs to be run at individual workstations and the assignment of those jobs to workers |
| Discrete order picking | A method of picking orders in which the item on one order are picked before The next order is picked |
| Distribution | "1) The activities associated with the movement of material, usually finished goods or service parts, from the manufacturer to the customer. These activities encompass the functions of transportation, warehousing, inventory control, material handling, ord |
| Distribution centre | location used to store inventory decisions driving warehouse management include, site selection, number of facilities in the system, layout and methods of receiving storing, and receiving goods |
| Distribution channel | Distribution routes from raw materials to consumption, along which products travel |
| Distribution inventory | inventory usually spare parts and finished goods located in the distribution system example in warehouses or in transit between warehouses and the consumer |
| Distribution requirements planning DRP | "The function of determining the need to replenish inventory at branch warehouses." |
| Distribution Warehouse | facility where goods are received in large volume uniform lots, stored briefly, and then broken down into smaller orders of different items required by the customer. emphasis is on expectations movement and handling |
| Dock to stock | program to which specific quantity and packaging requirements are met before the product is released. pre-qualified product is shipped directly into the customers inventory. Dock to stop eliminates costly handling of components, specifically in receiving |
| Downstream | Used as a relative reference within a firm or supply chain to indicate moving in the direction of the end customer |
| Dropship | To take the title of the product but not actually handle stock or deliver it |
| Trump schedule | The detailed production schedule for a resource that sets the pace for the entire system. the drum schedule must reconcile the customers requirements with the systems constraints |
| Drum buffer rope dbr | The theory of constraints method for scheduling managing operations that have an internal constraint a capacity constraint resource |
| Due date | The date purchase material production material is due to be available for use |
| Days of supply | Inventory on hand metric converted from units to how long the units will last. A financial measure of the value of all inventory in the supply chain divided by the average daily cost of goods sold rate |
| data governance | The overall management of data's accessibility, usability, reliability and security. used to ensure data record accuracy |
| Decentralised inventory control | Inventory decisions making exercised at each stocking location for is SKU's at that location |
| Available time | the number of hours worked centre can be used, based on management decisions regarding shift structure ,extra shift regular overtime, observance of weekends and public holidays, shutdown and the like |
| efficiency | measurement (usually expressed as a percentage) of the actual output relative to the standard output expected. Efficiency measures how well something is performing relative to existing standards; in contrast, productivity measures output relative to a spe |
| electronic data interchange (EDI) | The paperless (electronic) exchange of trading documents, such as purchase orders, shipment authorizations, advanced shipment notices, and invoices, using standardized document formats. |
| employee empowerment | practice of giving non-managerial employees the responsibility and the power to make decisions regarding their jobs or tasks. It is associated with the practice of transfer of managerial responsibility to the employee. Empowerment allows the employee to |
| employee involvement (EI) | The concept of using the experience, creative energy, and intelligence of all employees by treating them with respect, keeping them informed, and including them and their ideas in decision-making processes appropriate to their areas of expertise. Employe |
| engineer-to-order | Products whose customer specifications require unique engineering design, significant customization, or new purchased materials. Each customer order results in a unique set of part numbers, bills of material, and routings. Syn: design-to-order. |
| enterprise resources planning (ERP) | Framework for organizing, defining, and standardizing the business processes necessary to effectively plan and control an organization so the organization can use its internal knowledge to seek external advantage. An ERP system provides extensive databan |
| explode | To perform a bill-of-material explosion. |
| external failure costs | The costs related to problems found after the product reaches the customer. This usually includes such costs as warranty and returns. |
| external setup time | The time associated with elements of a setup procedure performed while the process or machine is running. Ant: internal setup time. |
| extrinsic forecasting method | A forecast method using a correlated leading indicator; for example, estimating furniture sales based on housing starts. Extrinsic forecasts tend to be more useful for large aggregations, such as total company sales, than for individual product sales. An |
| field service | The functions of installing and maintaining a product for a customer after the sale or during the lease. Field service may also include training and implementation assistance. Syn: after-sale service. |
| final assembly schedule (FAS) | A schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customers' orders in a make-to-order or assemble-to-order environment. It is also referred to as the finishing schedule because it may involve operations other than the final assembly; also, it m |
| finished goods inventory | Those items on which all manufacturing operations, including final test, have been completed. These products are available for shipment to the customer as either end items or repair parts. Syn: finished products inventory |
| finite forward scheduling | An equipment scheduling technique that builds a schedule by proceeding sequentially from the initial period to the final period while observing capacity limits. A Gantt chart may be used with this technique. See: finite loading. |
| finite loading | Assigning no more work to a work center than the work center can be expected to execute in a given time period. The specific term usually refers to a computer technique that involves calculating shop priority revisions in order to level load operation by |
| firm planned order (FPO) | A planned order that can be frozen in quantity and time. The computer is not allowed to change it automatically; this is the responsibility of the planner in charge of the item that is being planned. This technique can aid planners working with MRP syste |
| five focusing steps | In the theory of constraints, a process to continuously improve organizational profit by evaluating the production system and market mix to determine how to make the most profit using the system constraint. The steps consist of (1) identifying the constra |
| five Ss | Five terms beginning with 'S' used to create a workplace suitable for lean production: sort, simplify, scrub, standardize, and sustain. Sort means to separate needed items from unneeded ones and remove the latter. Simplify means to neatly arrange items f |
| five whys | The common practice in total quality management is to ask 'why' five times when confronted with a problem. By the time the answer to the fifth 'why' is found, the ultimate cause of the problem is identified. Syn: five Ws. |
| fixed cost | An expenditure that does not vary with the production volume; for example, rent, property tax, and salaries of certain personnel. |
| fixed-location storage | A method of storage in which a relatively permanent location is assigned for the storage of each item in a storeroom or warehouse. Although more space is needed to store parts than in a random-location storage system, fixed locations become familiar, and |
| fixed order quantity | A lot-sizing technique in MRP or inventory management that will always cause planned or actual orders to be generated for a predetermined fixed quantity, or multiples thereof, if net requirements for the period exceed the fixed order quantity |
| fixed overhead | Traditionally, all manufacturing costs—other than direct labor and direct materialsÑthat continue even if products are not produced. Although fixed overhead is necessary to produce the product, it cannot be directly traced to the final product. |
| fixed-position manufacturing | Similar to project manufacturing, this type of manufacturing is mostly used for large, complex projects where the product remains in one location for its full assembly period or may move from location to location after considerable work and time are spen |
| fixed reorder cycle inventory model | form of independent demand management model in which an order is placed every n time units. The order quantity is variable and essentially replaces the items consumed during the current time period. If M is the maximum inventory desired at any time and x |
| flow control | A specific production control system that is based primarily on setting production rates and feeding work into production to meet these planned rates, then monitoring and controlling production. See: shop floor control. |
| flow processing | In process systems development, work flows from one workstation to another at a nearly constant rate and with no delays. When producing discrete (geometric) units, the process is called repetitive manufacturing; when producing non-geometric units over ti |
| flow shop | A form of manufacturing organization in which machines and operators handle a standard, usually uninterrupted, material flow. The operators generally perform the same operations for each production run. A flow shop is often referred to as a mass producti |
| fluctuation inventory | Inventory that is carried as a cushion to protect against forecast error. Syn: fluctuation stock. See: inventory buffer. |
| forecast | An estimate of future demand. A forecast can be constructed using quantitative methods, qualitative methods, or a combination of methods, and it can be based on extrinsic (external) or intrinsic (internal) factors. Various forecasting techniques attempt |
| forecast error | The difference between actual demand and forecast demand, stated as an absolute value or as a percentage. See: average forecast error, forecast accuracy, mean absolute deviation, tracking signal. |
| forecasting | The business function that attempts to predict sales and use of products so they can be purchased or manufactured in appropriate quantities in advance. |
| forward scheduling | A scheduling technique where the scheduler proceeds from a known start date and computes the completion date for an order, usually proceeding from the first operation to the last. Dates generated by this technique are generally the earliest start dates f |
| four Ps | A set of marketing tools to direct the business offering to the customer. The four Ps are product, price, place, and promotion. |
| freight consolidation | The grouping of shipments to obtain reduced costs or improved utilization of the transportation function. Consolidation can occur by market area grouping, grouping according to scheduled deliveries, or using third-party pooling services such as public wa |
| freight forwarder | The 'middle man' between the carrier and the organization shipping the product. Often combines smaller shipments to take advantage of lower bulk costs. |
| functional layout |
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