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Cardiovascular Sys!
UCI Physio Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Priming pumps | atrias |
| resistance of systemic circulation | 1.0 P/Q |
| resistance of pulmonary circulation | 0.14 P/Q |
| BP values for right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, arteries, arteriole, capillaries, veins | 0-5, 25/0, 18, 8, 0-5, 125/0, 125/80, 90, 30, 15 |
| how many ml/sec of blood flow through the lungs | 100 ml/sec |
| avg BP if there were no pump | 7mm Hg |
| VMC stands for what and is found where | vasomotor center in the medula of the brain |
| VMC is modulated by what | stretch receptors in the right side of heart, pulmonary artery, proximal aorta, carotid sinus region, and in muscle fibers |
| baroreceptors | stretch receptors in the carotid region |
| is the VMC intrinsically active or inactive and do stretch stimuli reduce or increase its intrinsic activity | VMC is instrinsically active and stretch impulses reduce its activity |
| 3 regions the VMC stimulates (and what does it stimulate with) | 1)SA node 2)arteriolar beds 3)veins (norepi) |
| VMC activity does what 3 things | increased HR and strength of contraction 2)constriction of arterioles 3)constriction of veins |
| ohm's law equivalent | pressure=flow*resistence |
| CBV | central blood volume is the volume of blood in the pulmonary circulation plus the chambers of the heart |
| elastin is found to a greater extent where and what is it's purpose | artery vessels closer to the heart; elastin can expand and contract to maintain smooth BP throughout the cardiac cycle |
| collagen's purpose in arteries | provides protection and insures arteries are not over distended |
| anacrotic limb, dicrotic limb, dicrotic notch | ascending limb of arterial pulse pressure graph; descending limb; valve closing |
| compliance | (change in volume)/(change in pressure) |
| high blood pressure defnition numbers | over 139 and over 90 |
| how do you adjust pressure for gravity | add 1 mmHg for every cm below the heart |
| smooth muscles in wall of arterioles are under control of what 3 things | 1)sympathetic nervous system (alpha receptors), 2)circulating hormones (epi, norepi, porstaglandins), and 3) metabolites (CO2, K+, H+, adenosine, natriuretic factor) |
| 3 features of capillary network | 1)large surface area/volume 2)slow blood movement 3)thin walled |
| where are post-capillary sphincters found | kidney |
| thoroughfare channel | direct flow from arteriole to venule that bypasses capillary; purpose is to dissipate heat at skin |
| continuous capillary junction size, found where, and purpose | <40 angstroms; found in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and lung; minimize protein and H2O loss |
| fenestrated capillary junction size, found where, and purpose | <0.1 micrometers; renal glomeruli, instestinal villi, intestinal mucosa; promote rapid and large exchange of fluid and solute |
| discontinuous capillary found where and purpose | liver, spleen, bone marrow; promotes exchange of macromolecules (protein and cells) |
| three types of material exchange across capillary networks | 1)filtration/absorption 2)diffusion 3)micropinocytosis |
| OHM's law as applied to flow through cappillaries | Pcap=(Part(Rven/Rart)+Pven)/(1+(Rven/Rart)) |
| interstitium pressure | pressure pushing fluid into vessels; usually zero unless there's a lymph removal problem |
| oncotic pressure | osmotic pressure on capillaries |
| starling landis equation and what does the K mean | F=K[(Pcap+PIint)-(PIpl+Pint)]; K tells how leaky the capillary is |
| how does H2O move across capillary endothelium | diffusion |
| liters/day of fluid moved into the lymphatic system | 2-4L/day |
| what drains into the right lymphatic duct | arms, neck, head |
| what drains into the thoracic duct | everything other than arms, neck, and head |
| endothelial cell organization of lymphatic ducts | loosely arranged with large gaps anchored by collagen |
| 2 primary fxns of lymphatic ducts | 1)return fluid and macromolecules to circulation 2)remove protein from interstitial spaces |
| 3 secondary fxns of lymphatic ducts | 1)phagocytic activity 2)antibody production 3)avenue for absorbing chylomicron (tri-glycerides) from intestine |
| hemodynamics affecting lymph flow | capillary pressure and oncotic pressure |
| 3 mechanical factors affecting lymph flow | 1)muscle contraction 2)gut peristalsis 3)arterial pulsations |
| what happens to veins as temp increases | increased distensibility |
| what do epi and norepi do to vein capacitance | decrease capacitance |
| 4 mechanisms that aid in venous return | 1)valves 2)muscular pumping/milking 3)respiratory pump 4)venous tone via sympathetics (smooth muscle contraction) |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis; blood clots develop in deep veins (usually leg) from inability to milk blood back to heart |
| mean BP equation | BP=Pd+1/3(Sys-Dia) |
| blood resistance equation | Resistance=(P1-P2)/Flow |
| 2 types of remote control on arterioles | nervous and hormonal |
| 2 types of local control on arterioles | metabolic and myogenic |
| Beta 1 receptor locations, physiological activators, and responses | heart (SA node, AV node, Ventricles); Norep, Epi, Dopa; Norep and Epi increase HR, conduction, and contractility; Dopa just increases contractility |
| Beta 2 receptor locations, physiological activators, and responses | vascular smooth muscle in skeletal, coronary, and liver/splanchnic (also in muscle, kidney, and liver cells); epi, dopa, norepi (high conc. Req.); vasodilation, glycogenolysis, renin release |
| alpha 1 receptor locations, activators, and response | postsynaptically in vascular smooth muscle in all organ systems; norepi, epi (high dose), dopa (high dose); vasoconstriction |
| alpha 2 receptor locations, activators, and response | presynaptically on alpha motor neurons in all organ systems; epi, dopa, norepi (inhibitor); vasoconstriction |
| cholinergic receptor location, activator, and response | all beds; acetylcholine; vasodilation |
| sympathetic cholinergic (via hypothalamus) receptor location, activator, and response | skeletal muscle; acetylcholine; vasodilation |
| dopamine receptor locations and response | renal, splanchnic, cerebral, skeletal, skin; vasodilation |
| beta 2 receptor affinity for epi and norepi | much greater affinity for epi than norepi |
| overall effect of norepi | vasoconstriction at all concentrations |
| overall effect of epi | vasodilation at low concentrations (beta response) and vasoconstriction at high concentrations (alpha response) |
| equation to determine flow of blood through lung using O2 as indicator (ficke method) | Flow=(O2 uptake)/(ArtO2/100ml-VenO2/100ml); this is on the test |
| how to measure cerebral blood flow | modified ficke using nitrous oxide |
| 4 features of cerebral blood flow | 1)constant flow, 2)tight capillary jxns, 3)little anaerobic metabolism, 4)CSF pressure is 80% less than mean arterial perfusion pressure |
| effects of increased CO2 on CSF pH and then on cerebral flow | more CO2 → lower CSF pH → higher cerebral blood flow |
| what happens to cerebral blood flow as arterial pressure increases | increases at first and then flattens due to auto regulation by sympathetics |
| what happens to cerebral blood flow as cerebral spinal fluid pressure increases | remains constant until the CSF pressure shuts the arteries and CBF pressure drops |
| what is the cushing reflex | as the CSF pressure increases it hits a point where massive peripheral vasoconstriction occurs to ensure enough pressure in the spinal canal to keep CBF up |
| what disease causes high CSF pressure | spinal meningitis |
| splanchnic blood flow equation | infusion rate (mg/min)/[Conc.(artery)-Conc.(hepatic vein)] |
| portal system | unique splanchnic plumbing system where the liver receives the venous drainage from other intestinal organs |
| significance of hepatic vein | entire venous drainage of splanchnic (including liver) goes through the hepatic vein |
| dye used for modified ficke on splanchnic blood flow | indocyanine green |
| normal splanchnic flow during rest | 1000-1500 ml/min |
| what happens to splanchnic blood flow when arterial pressure rises? Why? | splanchnic pressure rises because the stretch receptors inhibit the VMC, so the resistance stays low, increasing splanchnic pressure |
| O2, CO2, and pH must move in which way to give positive feedback to the VMC | O2 decreases, CO2 increases, pH decreases |
| splanchnic blood flow decreases from what changes in BP, central blood volume, and VO2 max | decreased blood pressure, decreased central blood volume, increased exercies |
| venous occlusion plethysmography | way to measure skeletal muscle blood flow (crude); occlude veins but not arteries and see how fast volume increases |
| microsphere uptake | way to measure skeletal muscle blood flow; only works on animals because they have smaller capillaries; give animal radioactive microspheres and see how fast they build up in different locations |
| the amount of blood flowing to a certain muscle depends on what | activity, type of muscle (oxidative gets more), and number of mitochondria |
| what kind of feedback to the VMC do active skeletal muscle fibers send | positive to enhance sympathetic activity |
| what muscle system is the only system to be innervated with hypothalamic sympathetic cholinergic neurons | skeletal muscle system |
| what creates a peaked T wave on an EKG | hyperkalemia |
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