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Urinary A&P
Lab Study STACK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Smooth membran, tightly adharent to the kidney surface | fibrous capsule |
| Portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts | minor calyx |
| Portion of the kidney containing the bulk of he nephron structures | medulla |
| Superficial region of kidney tissue | cortex |
| Basinlike area of the kidney, continuous with the ureter | renal pelvis |
| a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid | minor calyx |
| Area of cortical tissue running between the medullary pyramids | renal column |
| The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes _______ waste | metabolic |
| The kidney is a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the (1,2,3)balance of the blood | electrolyte, acid base and fluid |
| Urine is continually formed by the ______ and is routed down the _____ by the mechanism of ______to a storage organ called the ______. | kidney's, ureters, circulatory drainage, bladder |
| Eventually the urine is conducted to the body _____ by the urethra | exterior |
| In the male, the urethra is ___cm and transports ________ and _________ | 20cm, urine and semen |
| The female urethra is _____cm and transports only ________ | 4cm, urine |
| Voiding or emptying the bladder is called | micturition |
| Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary components. The voluntary sphincter is the ________ | External uretral sphincter |
| An inability to control this sphincter is referred to as | incontinence |
| What is the function of the fat cushion that surrounds the kidneys in life? | They hold the kidneys in place |
| Define ptosis | When the fatty material surrounding the kidneys is reduced the kidneys are less securely anchored and may drop to a more inferior position |
| Why is incontinence normal in a child under 2 yrs of age? | They have not yet gained control over the voluntary sphincter |
| What events may lead to incontinence in an adult? | Spinal cord injury, emotional problems, bladder irritability, urinary tract problems |
| site of filtration formation | glomerulus |
| primary site of tubular reabsorption | promximal convoluted tube |
| secondarily important site of tubular reabsorption | distal convoluted tube |
| structure that conveys the processed filtrate (urine) to the renal pelvis | collecting duct |
| blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubuar cels | peritubular capillaries |
| it's inner (visceral)membrane forms part of he filtration membrane | glomerular capsule |
| Explain why the glomerulus is such a high pressure capillary bed | arterioles are high-resistance vessels and the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent, the blood pressure in the glomerulus is high for a capillary bed and easily forces fluid and solutes out of the blood into the golmerular capsule |
| How does the high pressure condition in the glomerulus aid its function of filtrate formation? | It forces fluid out & blood comp sm than proteins fr the glomerulus |
| What structural modifications of certain tubule cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate? | Microvilli..increases surface area |
| Explain the mechanism of tubular secretion & it's importance iin urine formation process | It is the reverse of tubular absobtion and is important for the disposal of substances not in filtrate & is a device for controlling blood ph |
| Compare & contrast blood plasma & glomerular filtrate | Both contain glucose, water, salt & nitrogenous waste, however in addition to those, plasma contains Red & White blood cells and blood proteins. |
| What is important functionally about the specialized (transitional epithelium) in the bladder? | They have the ability to slide over one another thus decreasing the thickness of the mucosa layer as the bladder fills & stretches to accomodate incr. urine volume |
| Explain why urinalysis is a routine part of any good physical exam? | Because finding any abnormal constituents may indicate pathology. |
| What substance is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine? | urochrome |
| What has a great specific gravity 1 ml of urine or 1 ml of distilled water? Why? | Urine; Because it has dissolved solvents so it weighs more. |
| Explain the relationship between color; specific gravity; and volume of urine | Generally, the smaller the volume, the greater the specific gravity (more solutes) and the deeper the color. |
| Name three constituents that might be present if a urinary tract infection exists; | White blood cells (pus), Red blood cells and casts |
| How does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH? | High protein diet, increased acidity; vegetarian diet, increases alkalinity |
| How does starvation influence urine pH? | it becomes acidic |
| All urine specimens become alkaline and cloudy on standing at room temperature. Why? | Bacterial metabolism componensts. |
| Presence of erythrocytes in the urine is indicative of; | hematuria |
| Presence of hemoglobin in the urine is indicative of: | hemoglobinura |
| Presence of glucose in the urine is indicative of | glucosoria |
| Presence of ketone bodies (acetone & others) in the urine are indicative of | ketonuria |
| Presence of pus (WBC's) in the urine are indicative of | pyuria |
| What are renal calculi, and what conditions favor their formation? | Typically clled kidney stones, when urine gecomes excessively concentrated, some of it's solutes begin to crystallize. |
| Glucose and albumin are both normally absent in the urine, ? | Glucose is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules into the bloodstream; Albumin is too large to fit thru the glomerular filtration membrane. |
| Name a condition associated with low specific gravity in the urine; | diabetes isipidus |
| Name a condition associated with high specific gravityin the urine; | diabetes mellitus,gonorrhea, pylonephritis |
| Name a condition/s associated with glucose in urine | diabetes insipidus & mellitus, and eating a 5lb box of candy |
| Name a condition/s associated with albumin in the urine | glomerulonephritis and pregnancy, exertion |
| Name a condition/s assoicated with blood in the urine | cystitis (inflammation of bladder) kidney stones |
| Name a condition associated with hemoglobin in the urine | hemolytic anemias |
| Name a condition associated with bilirubin in the urine | hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver |
| Name a condition/s associated w/ketone bodies in the urine | cystitis, starvation, diabetes mellitus |
| Name a condition/s associated w/casts in the urine | glomerulonephritus, pylonephritis |
| Name a condition/s associated w/pus in the urine | cystitis, gonorrhea, phylonephritis |
| Name three major nitrogenous wastes found in the urine. | Urea, Uric Acid, Creatine |
| Describe organized sediments; | Cell derived elements such as RBC's, pus casts, WBC's bacteria, epethelial cells are organized sediments |
| Describe unorganized sediments; | Anythng that isn't a cell; eg crystals, pigment or precipitate from a solution. |
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