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Human Cardiology
A&P II - Human Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the pulmonary circuit | it is the name for the blood vessels that carry blood away from the Right ventricle of the heart to the Lungs (pulmonary system) and back to the left atrium of the heart |
| what is the name of the systemic circuit | it is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body then back to the right atrium of the heart |
| the coronary arteries are included in the (pulmonary/systemic) circuit of the cardiovascular system | coronary arteries are in the systemic circuit of the cardiovascular system |
| blood in the the body's circulatory system (alternates/does not alternate) between the pulmonary and systemic circuit | blood alternates between the pulmonary and systemic circuit |
| what chamber of the heart collects blood from the systemic circuit | the right atrium |
| name the four chambers of the heart | right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle |
| what chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary circuit | left atrium |
| what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system | right ventricle |
| what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit of the circulatory system | left ventricle |
| comparing the two ventricles (right and left), which ventricle had a larger wall size and why? | the left ventricle has more cardiac muscle because it must generate enough for on the blood to created a force than can carry blood to the rest of the body and bring it back. |
| where is the heart located in the human body | the mediastinum of the chest |
| where is the apex of the heart | at the bottom of the heart |
| what two heart chambers create the apex of the heart | the right and left ventricles create the apex of the heart |
| where is the base of the heart | it is at the top of the heart |
| what structures of the heart make up its base | the right and left atria of the heart as well as the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery), aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and right and left pulmonary veins |
| name the two layers of serous membrane that make up the pericardium | parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium) |
| what layer of the serous membrane makes also functions as the epicardium | visceral of the serous membrane |
| name the fluid filled space that separates the two layers of the pericardium. This allows the heart to expand and contract without creating any friction | pericardial cavity |
| what is pericarditis | it is an infection that creates inflammation of the pericardium and makes the epicardium and parietal pericardium stick together |
| there are visible indentations on the surface of the heart that allows one to see separation of the four heart chambers. what are they called? name the two of them? | sculus (plural: sulci), coronary sulcus (between right atrium and right ventricle,) and the anterior interventricular sulcus (between the right and left ventricles) |
| name the three layers of the heart wall, in orders from outer most wall to inner most wall | epicardium , myocardium, endocardium |
| what structure inside the heart separates the atria and the ventricles; and only allows blood flow in one direction | atrioventricular valves |
| what is another term for the right atrioventricular valve | tricuspid valve |
| what are two other names for the left atrioventricular valve | bicuspid valve, mitral valve |
| what vessel feeds blood into the right atrium | superior and inferior vena cava |
| the (superior/inferior) vena cava recieves blood from the head, neck, upper extremeties, and chest | superior vena cava recieves blood from the head, BUE, and chest |
| veins from the trunk, viscera, and lower limbs feed into the (superior/inferior) vena cava | inferior vena cava recives blood from the torso, viscera, and BLE |
| name the chords that connect the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles | chordae tendineae |
| name the two structures that attach to the atrioventricular valves and assist in keeping the valve closed during systole | chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles |
| what cardiac muscle attaches to the chordae tendineae | the papillary muscles |
| what are the name of the structures/ridges on the inside of the cardiac ventricles that are made of out of cardiac muscle | trabeculae carneae |
| what is the name of the structure that separates the right and the left ventricles of the heart | the interventricular septum |
| starting from the vena cava, name the path way that blood goes through in the heart (include major arteries and veins attached to the base of the heart, all valves, and the circuit names ) | vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk/artery, pulmonary circuit, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, ascending aorta, systemic circuit, vena cava |
| name the ligament that connects that aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk | ligamentum arteriosum |
| name the three main arteries that branch off the aortic arch (in order) | brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery |
| what two structures prevent the atrioventricular valve from opening backwards | chordae tendineae and papillary muscles |
| the tricuspid valve prevents back flow from the ______________ to the _____________________ | the tricuspid valve prevents back flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium |
| what happens if the tricuspid valve does not function properly | blood will back up in the systemic circuit and cause swelling in the extremities |
| the left atrium receives blood that is coming from which circuit | the pulmonary circiut |
| name the structure that blood must pass through when leaving the left atrium and entering into the left ventricle | left atrioventricular valve, bicuspid valve, or mitral valve |
| a patient has come into the clinic complaining of shortness of breath and lack of sleep because they feel like they are drowning when they lay down. what structure of their heart might not be functioning properly. why do you think this | the mitral valve regurgitation, if the mitral valve is not functioning properly, then blood back up into the left atrium and (in severe cases) it backs up into the pulmonary circuit. making the patient feel like they are drowning |
| the volume of blood held in the right ventricle is (the same/greater than/lesser than) the amount of volume held in the left ventricle | the volume in the right ventricle is equal to the volume in the left ventricle |
| the muscle in the (right/left) ventricle is thicker and more powerful than the muscle in the (right/left) ventricle because... | the muscle in the left ventricle is thicker and more powerful than the muscle in the right ventricle because the left ventricle pumps the blood into the systemic circiut |
| what is a moderator band | in about 9% of the human population, there is a band of cardiac muscle that extends horizontally from the interventricular septum to the wall of the right atrium. this muscle helps coordinate the heart beat. |
| what pair of valves sit between (and separate) the atria and the ventricles | atrioventricular valves |
| what closes the valve cusps of the atrioventricular valves | increased blood pressure in the ventricles during ventricular contraction |
| what happens to the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction | the chordae tendineae tighten and the papillary muscles contract |
| what are the function of the semilunar valves | prevent backflow from the aorta/pulmonary trunk into the left and right ventricles (respectively) |
| the semilunar valves (do/do not) have muscular and tendon support | do not |
| each semilunar valve has (two/three) cusps | three cusps |
| during ventricular diastole, what is happening with the mitral valve and heart wall (include what is happening to the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and direction of blood flow) | mitral valve is open, chordae tendineae are loose, papillary muscle is relaxed, left ventricle wall is relaxed, aortic valve is closed, and blood is flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| during ventricular systole, what is happening with the mitral valve and heart wall (include what is happening to the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and direction of blood flow) | mitral valve is closed, aortic valve is open, chordae tendineae is taught/tense, papillary muscles are contracted, left ventricle wall is contracted, and blood is leaving the left ventricle and entering into the ascending aorta |
| what blood vessels feed the heart muscle (name the circuit) | the coronary arteries feed the heart muscle, they are part of the coronary circuit |
| what constitutes a single heart beat | 1 contraction (systole) and 1 relaxation (diastole) |
| the entire heart contracts in a series. First, the (atria/ventricles) contract. Then the (atria/ ventricles) | first the atria contract, then the ventricles |
| the heart contains two types of muscle cells, name them | conducting system and the contractile cells |
| from the two types of muscle cells in the heart the (conducting system/contractile cells) controls and coordinates the heart beat | conducting system |
| from the two types of muscle cells in the heart the (conducting system/contractile cells) produces contractions that propel blood | contractile cells |
| the Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers are all part of the (conducting system/contractile cells) | conducting system |
| what node starts th the action potential for a cardiac cycle (where is this node located) | the Sinoatrial (SA) node starts the action potenial for a cardiac cycle, it is located in the right atrium |
| in a cardiac cycle, what cell types generate and transmits action potential | conduncting system cells |
| what is an ECG or an EKG | it is a medical test that can track the electrical events of a cardiac cycle (electicocardiogram) |
| the heart can generate it's own electrical signals for contraction. this process is called | automaticity |
| where is the SA node located | wall of right atrium |
| The Sinoatrial node generates the electrical signal, from there the signal goes to the _______________ located in the ______________ | the SA node generates a signal that goes to the atrioventricular (AV) node which is located in the junction between the atria and the arteries |
| name the pathway that carries the action potential from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node | internodal pathways |
| name the two conducting structures that are located in the ventricles | Atrioventricular bundle and the bundle branches |
| in a normal, healthy heart, what structure establishes the heart rate | sinoatrial node |
| name the pathway that an action potential goes through when producing a heart beat | sinoatrial node --> atrioventricular node --> atrioventricular bundle --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers |
| what is the pacemaker of the heart | sinoatrial node |
| name the pace at which the sinoatrial node generates action potential | 80 to 100 beats a minute |
| stimulation from what autonomic nervous system slows the heart rate | parasympathetic stimulation |
| if the SA node fails to generated a heart beat, what node takes over and what is the rate at which they generate a cardiac cycle | the Atrioventricular node takes over the pacing of the heart when the sinoatrial node fails (known as a junctional rhythm), the AV Node has a pace of 40-60 beats per minute |
| bardycardia is | when the heart rate is abnormally slow (less than 60 beats per minute) |
| when is someone considered to be tachycardic | a person has tachycardia when their heart rate is greater than 100 beats a minute |
| give two examples of an ectopic heart beats | premature atrial contraction, premature ventricular contraction |
| what can be caused by an ectopic pacemaker | ectopic heart beats (premature atrial/ventricular contractions) |
| what can cause ectopic heart beats or an ectopic pacemaker | abnormal cells that are highly excitable |
| why are EKG's important? | they can be used to diagnose certain heart problems and other damage to the cardiac muscle |
| name the three features of an EKG | P wave, QRS complex, and T wave |
| what does the p wave signify | atrial depolarizing |
| what does the QRS complex show | ventricles depolarizing (atrial repolarizing , but this is usually covered by the ventricular depolarization) |
| what does the t wave signify | ventricular repolarization |
| what is the PR Interval | it is a measurement on an EKG, it starts at the beginning of the P wave, and ends at the start of the QRS complex |
| what is the QT Interval | it is a measurement on an EKG that starts at the beginning of the Q wave and ends at the end of the T-wave |
| what does the QT Interval measure | the length of time it takes for the ventricles to depolarize and then repolarize |
| what part of the conduction system of the heart distributes the action potential to the contractile cells | purkinje fibers |
| what is the resting potential of the muscle cells in the ventricles and atria | -90mV and -80mV (respectively) |
| name the three phases of action potential in cardiac muscle | rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization |
| what causes rapid depolarization in cardiac muscle | sodium ion entering into cardiac muscle |
| how does sodium enter into the cell during depolarization | through voltage-gated fast sodium channels |
| when does depolarization end | when the voltage-gated fast sodium channels close |
| what causes the plateau, during muscle contraction | calcium ion entry into the cell via the slow calcium channels |
| when does the plateau of a muscle contraction end | when the slow calcium channels end |
| what is the cause of cardiac muscle repolarization | potassium ion loss |
| how do potassium ions exit the cardiac cells | slow potassium channels |
| when does repolarization end | slow potassium channels close |
| the parietal pericardium has two layers of different cell types , name the two types of cells. Name them | areolar tissue and mesothelium |
| what do the sulci on the surface of the contain | fat and blood vessels |
| what is the embryonic structure that eventually becomes the ligamentum arteriosum | ductus arteriousus |
| what is the function of the ductus arteriosus | it allows the passage of blood in the pulmonary trunk to go to the aorta in an embryo to bypass the lungs |
| what happens with mitral valve regurgitation | blood will back up into the left atium, pulmonary arteries , and (in severe cases) into the lungs |
| what are mitral valve patients (patients with mitral valve regurgitation) always short of breath | because when the mitral valve does not work, blood backs up into the lungs |
| during heart contraction, blood flows into (high/low) pressure area to a (high/low) pressure area | high to low pressure area |
| absolute refractory period is (long/short) and cardiac muscle cells (can/cannot) respond depending on the degree of the stimulus | absolute refractory period is long and cardiac muscles cannot respond |
| relative refractory period is (long/short) and cardiac muscle (can/cannot) respond depending on the degree of the stimulus | relative refractory period is short and muscle can respond depending on the degree of stimulus |
| compared to skeletal muscle, (skeletal/cardiac) muscle has a a refractory period that lasts _____________ times longer than a (skeletal/muscle) fiber | refractory period in cardiac muscle is 30 times longer than skeletal muscle |
| why is it important that a refractory period is longer in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle | it prevents premature cardiac contractions and other abnormal beats such as summation and tetany |
| what ion produces cardiac contractions | calcium ions |
| how does calcium produce the contractions in the heart | there is an influx of calcium ions around the myofibrils |
| what phase of cardiac muscle contraction does extracellular calcium enter in to the cardiac muscle cell | plateau phase |
| what triggers the release of the calcium ion reserves from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells | arrival of extracellular calcium ions |
| what happens to calcium ions still inside the cardiac muscle after the slow membrane channels close | intracellular calcium is absorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum or pumped out of a cell |
| (systole/diastole) is a cardiac contraction and (systole/diastole) when the coronary muscles relax | systole - contraction ; diastole - relaxation |
| what is one cardiac cycle | one complete heart beat, atrial systole and diastole, followed by one ventricular systole and diastole |
| ventricular filling occurs during (systole/diastole) | diastole |
| during ventricular diastole, AV valves are (open/closed) and the pressure in the ventricles are (high/low) | AV valves are open and pressure is low |
| during ventricular diastole, ________________ percent of the blood passes into the ventricles passively and the rest is delivered during ____________________________ | 80% of blood passes through passively, the remaining % is delivered during atrial systole |
| what is end diastoliv volume (edv) | the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of each ventricular diastole |
| during ventricular systole; the atria (contract/relax) and the ventricles (contract/ relax) | atria relax and ventricles contract |
| during ventricular systole, there is an increase in (atrial/ventricular) pressure and the AV valves (open/close) | ventricular pressure increases and the AV valves are closed |
| what is the isovolumeric contraction phase | the phase in a cardiac cycle when all the valves are closed |
| during ejection phase, the (arteries/ventricles) have higher pressure | ventricles have higher blood pressure than the arteries during the ejection phase |
| what forces the semilunar valves to open | when the ventricular pressure is higher than the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole |
| what is end systolic volume ` | the volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole |
| what is isovolumetric relaxation | it is the phase in early diastole when both the atria and the ventricles are relaxed |
| at what phase does isovolumeric relaxation occur | early diastole |
| what two chambers of the heart are filling with blood during the isovolumetric relaxation phase | right and left atria |
| what forces the two semilunar valves to close | a backflow of blood into the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aotra |
| what causes the dicrotic notch | it is the brief increase in aortic pressure that occurs after the aortic valve closes and the blood in the aorta rebound off the aortic valve |
| what happens when atrial pressure exceeds that in the ventricles | the AV valves open and blood begins to flow in the ventricles |
| when heart rate increases, the time spent in each phase of the cardiac cycle (increase/decrease) | decrease |
| there are two sounds that can be heard with each heart beat. name what causes these sounds (in the order of which they are heard) | 1) closing of the AV valves, 2) closing of the Semilunar Valves |
| there are two more soft sounds with a heart beat. however, they are soft and can barely be heard. what are they. | blood flow into the ventricles and atrial cotnraction |
| what is a heart murmur | the sound produced by a valve regurgitation |
| what is stroke volume (SV) | end diastolic volume subtracted by end diastolic volume (SV = EDV - ESV) |
| what is ejection fraction | the percentage of End Diastolic Volume represented by Stroke Volume |
| what does cardiac output measure | the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute |
| how is cardiac output measured | heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (CO = HR x SV) |
| what are the two things that can affect cardiac output | changes in heart rate or stroke volume |
| what two factors can affect heart rate | autonomic nervous system and hormones |
| how is stroke volume changed | changing the EDV or ESV |
| what region of the brain controls heart rate | medulla oblongata (cardiac centers) |
| the ____________________ neurons from the autonomic nervous system increase the heart rate | sympathetic |
| the ____________________ neurons from the autonomic nervous system decrease the heart rate | parasympathetic |
| the heart monitors blood pressure using | baroreceptors |
| the heart monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels using | chemoreceptors |
| what adjusts cardiac activity depending on the demands of the body tissue | cardiac centers |
| cardiac centers adjust cardiac activity of the heart based on the demands of | body tissue |
| what two neurotransmitters maintain the resting (autonomic) tone of the heart | acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
| comparing the membrane potential of the conducting system, with it's surrounding cardiac cells, which of the two has the lower membrane potential | the pacemaker (SA node) in the conducting system has lower resting potential than other cardiac cells |
| in the SA node, what two factors does the rate of spontaneous stimulus depolarization depend on. | resting membrane potential and rate of depolarization |
| the __________________ division of the autonomic nervous system slows the heart rate by releasing what neurotransmitter? | parasympathetic with the help of acetylcholine |
| the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system _______________ the heart rate by releasing what neurotransmitter? | increases/speeds up heart rate by releasing norepinepherine |
| draw a two graphs of the membrane potential of a a heart beat. One graph will be the parasympathetic stimulation the other will be sympathetic. what are some big differences between the two graphs. especially in regards to prepotential | in the parasympathetic stimulation it prepotential is longer, therefore that part of the graph will be shallower. while under sympathetic stimulations, prepotential is short and steep. |
| what is the Bainbridge reflex (or atrial reflex) | the adjustment of heart rate in response to the amount of venous return. |
| how does venous return trigger the increase of heart rate | increased return volume, stretches receptors in the right atrium of the heart, activating the Bainbridge (or Atrial) Reflex |
| what division of the autonomic nervous system works with the Bainbridge reflex | sympathetic nervous system |
| name three hormones that will increase heart rate | norepinepherine, epinepherine, and thyroid hormones (T3/T4) |
| what is the amount of blood a ventricle contains at the end of diastole | End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
| name two factors that might effect stroke volume (SV) | filling time and venous return |
| what is filling time | the amount of time it takes for a ventricle to fill with blood |
| what is venous return | the rate of blood flow during ventricular relaxation |
| what is preload | the amount of stretch a ventricle has during ventricular diastole |
| the amount the ventricles can preload, is directly related to what | the amount of end diastolic volume |
| what event, directly affects the heart muscle's ability to produce tension | preloading |
| at rest, the EDV is (high/low) | at rest, end diastolic volume is low |
| describe preloading (stretching) while the body is at rest | the myocardium stretches less while body is at rest |
| stroke volume (increases/decreases) while the body is at rest | decreases (and remains low) while the body is at rest |
| describe the bodies response to exercise, in relation to EDV, preload, and SV | End diastolic Volume increases with exercise, myocardium stretches more, and stroke volume increases with exercise |
| what is the principle which discusses the relationship between EDV and SV. As EDV increases, SV also increases | Frank-Starling Principle |
| what is the term for the amount of blood that remains in the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole | end systolic volume |
| what are the three factors that affect end systolic volume | preload, contractility, and afterload |
| what is the force produced during ventricular systole | contractility |
| what is afterload | the tension of the ventricle that forces the semilunar valves to open and eject blood |
| name two things that affect contractility | autonomic activity and hormones |
| how does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system affect contractility, ejection fraction, and ESV | sympathetic division of the ANS increases contractility (force of ventricle contraction), increases ejection fraction, and decreases end systolic volume |
| what autonomic nervous system division will reduce cardiac contractility | parasympathetic |
| how does contractility effect ejection fraction and end systolic volume | there is a direct correlation between contractility and ejection fraction (As contractility goes up, so does ejection fraction). there is an indirect relation between ESD and contractility ( as contractility goes up, ESV does down) |
| name two ways in which pharmaceutical drugs (or heart medications) can mimic hormones | stimulate/block beta receptors from the sympathetic nervous system, calcium channel blockers (affect Ca++) |
| afterload is indirectly related with what two factors | arterial blood flow and stroke volume |
| if there is a restriction of arterial blood flow, what will happen to the afterload | afterload will increase with the restriction of arterial blood flow |
| there is a decrease in the stroke volume, how does this effect the afterload | afterload increases with the decrease of stroke volume |
| what is the term that refers to the difference between the resting an the maximal cardiac outputs | cardiac reserve |
| what ensures that adequate circulation enters into the body tissue | cardiovascular regulation |
| what are the controls the heart and peripheral blood vessels | cardiovascular centers |
| name two things that the cardiovascular system responds to | changing activity patterns and circulator emergencies |
| write down the order an electrical signal goes through to create a heart beat (conducting system) | Sinoatrial node, internodal pathways , atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| what is a moderator band | spurs from the right bundle branch and goes through the right ventricle |
| approx. how many impulses does the SA node produce per minute | 100 impulses per minute |
| approx. how many impulses does the AV node produce per minute | 40 impulses per minute |
| approx. how many impulses does the AV bundle produce per minute | 20 impulses per minute |
| Average heart rate is an average between what two pacing structures in the human heart | sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node |
| what is the primary pacemaker of the heart | Sinoatrial node |
| what is the secondary pacemaker of the heart | atrioventricular node |
| what structure in the conducting system slows down the rate of stimulation from the Sinoatrial node | atrioventricular node |
| the sinoatrial node is in ________________, therefore we can assume that the ________________ chambers of the heart are the first to contract during a cardiac cycle | the sinoatrial node is in the wall of the right atrium of the heart , therefore the atria chambers of the heart are the first to contract during a cardiac cycle |
| when reading an EKG, what is the first wave that occurs and what does it generally signify | the P-wave is the first wave on an EKG, and it signifies the depolarization of the atria |
| the P-wave on an EKG signifies that the atria are (contracting/depolarizing) | depolarization |
| at what point on an EKG can we assume that the atria are contracting | the P-R interval |
| why does the EKG not show atrial repolarization | atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarizationoccur at the same time |
| what does a change in the S-T Segment of an EKG signify | S-T changes signify conductive system damage in the cardiac muscles cells/cardiac wall |
| what does a wide QRS complex signify on an EKG | ventricular depolarization is too long |
| a heart attack (is/is not) the same as a Myocardial Infarction | a heart attack is not the same as a myocardial infarction |
| the little box on an EKG paper signifies _________________ seconds | each little box on EKG paper represents 0.04 seconds |
| each big box on an EKG represents ____________________ seconds | each big box on EKG paper represents 0.2 seconds |
| what is the best way to find heart rate using an EKG | count the number of big boxes that separate one QRS complex from the next one, then divide 300 by the number of boxes that separate one QRS complex from the next QRS complex |
| what two phases of cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be the absolute refractory period | rapid depolarization and plateau |
| what phase of the cardiac muscle is considered to be the relative refractory period | during repolarization |
| what ion is leaving the muscle during the relative refractory period | potassium ions |
| compared to regular skeletal muscle; the absolute refractory period is (longer/shorter) and the relative refractory period is relatively (longer/shorter) in the cardiac muscle | absolute refractory period in the cardiac muscle is longer and the relative refractory period is shorter |
| absolute refractory period in the cardiac muscle is longer and the relative refractory period is shorter, why is this | it prevents the cardiac muscle going into tetany and summation contractions. the ventricles of the heart need to be able to fill up with blood prior to contraction |
| if a cardiac muscle is stimulated to contract during the plateau phase of a cardiac contraction the muscle (will not/will) contract again. why? | during the plateau phase of cardiac contraction it is in the absolute refractory period. therefore, it will not contract |
| what is the circulatory system composed of | heart, blood and blood vessels |
| the ______________ carry blood away from the heart to supply the tissues. | arteries |
| (arteries/veins ) have thicker walls | arteries |
| (arteries/veins) drain blood from organs | veins |
| the ________________ have thin walls and valves to help blood get back to heart | veins |
| what types of blood vessels are microscopic thin and are the location for nutrient/waste/gas exchange between blood and tissues | capillaries |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) arteries branch from the aorta | systemic arteries branch from the aorta |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the capillaries | systemic arteries carry-oxygen-rich blood |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) veins drain deoxygenated blood and nutrient poor blood from the organs | systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood and nutrient poor blood |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) veins drain into the vena cava which drains into the right atrium | the right atrium is the ultimate destination for the SYSTEMIC VEINS |
| ther (systemic/pulmonary) arteries carry oxygen -poor and nutrient poor blood away from the heart | pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood and nutrient-poor blood |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle | pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle of the heart |
| the capillaries in what organ is responsible for gas exchange (getting rid of CO2 and importing O2) | capillaries in the LUNGS are responsible for gas exchange |
| the pulmonary trunk feeds what arter(ies) | Right and left pulmonary arteries |
| what are the four veins that empty into the left atrium | the right and left pulmonary veins (two on the right and two on the left) |
| what supplies the aortic arch with blood | left ventricle |
| name the three main arteries that branch off the aortic arch (in order of appearance) | brachiocephalic artery/trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian |
| what are the main regions of the body that are fed by the arteries that branch off the aortic arch | head (specifically the brain), and the bilateral upper extremeties |
| what are the two main arteries that supplied by the brachiocephalic trunk | right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT Radial artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery, right brachial artery, right radial artery |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT Ulnar artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery, right brachial artery, right ulnar artery |
| what artery feeds into the right axillary artery | right subclavian artery |
| what artery does the right axillary feed into | right brachial artery |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT axillary artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery |
| what artery feeds into the right brachial artery | right axillary artery |
| what artery does the right brachial feed into | Right Ulnar Artery and Right Radial artery |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT brachial artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery, right brachial artery |
| what artery feeds into the right radial artery | right brachial artery |
| what does the right radial artery and the right ulnar artery | the right hand |
| what artery feeds into the right ulnar artery | the right brachial |
| what artery primarily supplies the brachiocephalic trunk | aortic arch |
| what artery supplies the left common carotid | the aortic arch |
| what artery supplies the left subclavian artery | aortic arch |
| what artery is to the immediate left of the left common carotid artery | left subclavian artery |
| name the classes of blood vessels that blood goes through (from the heart and back to the heart) | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| what are the vessels away from the heart | arteries |
| what are the smallest branches of arteries | arterioles |
| what are the smallest blood vessels in the body | capillaries |
| where is the location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid | capillaries |
| what vessels collect blood from the capillaries | venules |
| what blood vessels return blood to the heart | veins |
| name two of the largest blood vessels in the body | pulmonary trunk and aorta are the two largest blood vessels |
| what organ do the largest blood vessels attach to | the heart |
| what major artery carries blood away from the right ventricle to pulmonary circulation | pulmonary trunk |
| what major artery carries blood from the left ventricle to systemic circullation | aorta |
| what three things affect vasoconstriction and vasodilation | afterload on heart, peripheral blood pressure, and capillary blood flow |
| what type of blood vessels are able to change diameter | muscular arteries and arterioles |
| what can cause the muscular arteries and arterioles to dilate or constrict | sympathetic or endocrine stimulation |
| there is a (direct/indirect) relationship between blood flow and resistance | there is an indirect relationship between resistance and blood flow |
| there is a (direct/indirect) relationship between vessel diameter and blood flow | there is a direct relationship between flow and diameter |
| ______________ is opposition to blood flow | resistance |
| ___________________ are the resistance vessels | arterioles |
| name the three layers of tissue that make up the blood vessels (from most inner to most outer) | 1) tunica intima, 2) tunica media, 3) tunica externa |
| what are the two layers of tissue that make up tunica intima | internal elastic layer and endothelium |
| the smallest vessels in the body are | capillaries are the smallest vessels in the body |
| the vessels in the body with the thinnest walls are _____________ | capillaries have the thinnest walls |
| capillary best/networks permeate all tissues in the body (alive or dead/live tissue only) | capillaries permeate live tissues only |
| what is the primary location for the exchange functions of the cardiovascular system. | capillaries |
| what mechanism does the body use to exchange nutrients and gases between the blood and interstitial fluid | all materials are diffused between blood and interstitial fluid |
| name the three types of capillaries in the body | 1) continuous capillary, 2) fenestrated capillary, 3) sinusoid |
| capillary plexus is another name for ... | capillary beds |
| what is the purpose of a capillary plexus | to connect one arteriole and one venule |
| what is a precapillary sphincter | a muscular opening into each capillary bed |
| what opens and closes causing capillary blood flow in pulses | precapillary sphincter |
| what is a thoroughfare channel | it is a direct connection between an arteriole and venule. that way if the rest of the capillary bed is closed off, there is still a vessel that is open and allows passage between the arteriole and venule |
| what are the names of the smooth muscle segments that dilate and contract to direct blood through the capillary bed | metarterioles |
| what are the direct capillary connections between arterioles and venules | thoroughfare channel |
| what are metarterioles | smooth muscles that control the diameter of capillaries |
| what are collateral arteries | arteries that develop when another artery is blocked. |
| what is the purpose of collateral arteries. | collateral arteries allow blood flow to the same capillary bed of the blocked artery. |
| what is an arterial anastomosis | the fusion of two collateral arteries |
| where (body location) can you find an anastomosis? what is another name for this? | the circle of willis in the brian |
| what is an arteriovenous anastomoses | it is a direct connection between arterioles and venules |
| what is a anatomical structure that functions as a direct connection between an anastomosis and (therefore) bypasses the capillary bed | arteriovenous anastomoses |
| what is vasomotion | the contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters |
| what causes the blood flow in the capillary beds to constantly change routes | vasomotion - the contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters |
| what vessels collect blood from capillaries from tissues and organs | veins |
| what vessels have lowest blood pressure | veins have lowest blood pressure |
| what is the purpose of valves in the cardiovascular system | to promote one-way blood flow in the cardiovascular system |
| what is the purpose of the venous valves | prevent backflow of blood in veins |
| what helps push blood towards the heart | compression of the vein by muscle contractions |
| what opens venous valves | contracting muscles below the valve |
| what closes the venous valves | contracting muscles above the valve |
| a majority of the blood in your system is located in (heart/arteries/veins) | roughly 60-65% is located in the veins |
| roughly 1/3 of the venous networks are located in what three major organs | liver, bone marrow, and skin |
| when there is major blood loss, what sensors of the autonomic nervous system division is activated | vasomotor centers in the sympathetic nervous system |
| how does the body respond to major blood loss | there is systemic venoconstriction, redirecting blood to major organs and away from less vital organs like skin |
| total capillary blood flow (is equal to/is not equal to) cardiac output | total capillary blood flow equals cardiac output |
| what are the two major determinants for total capillary blood flow | pressure and resistance in the cardiovascular system |
| _______________________________ is generated to overcome resistance | pressure |
| which is more important? Absolute Pressure or pressure gradient | pressure gradient |
| what is pressure gradient | the difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to the other |
| what is circulatory pressure | it is the pressure across the systemic circulation |
| flow is (directly proportional/indirectly proportional) to pressure gradient | flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient |
| flow is indirectly proportional to (pressure gradient/resistance) | resistance |
| what does blood pressure measure | arterial blood pressure |
| what is the name of the pressure in the capillary beds | capillary hydrostatic pressure |
| what is venous pressure | the pressure in the venous system |
| circulatory pressure must overcome ___________________ of the entire cardiovascular system | total peripheral resistance |
| what is total peripheral resistance | the resistance of the entire cardiovascular system |
| what are three things that affect total peripheral resistance | 1) vascular resistance, 2) blood viscosity, 3) turbulence |
| what is vascular resistance | friction between blood and vessel walls |
| what are the two major things that affect vascular resistance | vessel length and vessel diameter |
| between vessel length and vessel diameter, which is constant in adults | vessel length is constant in adults |
| how does vessel diameter vary | vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| resistance increases exponentially with (vasoconstriction/vasodilation) | vasoconstriction |
| what is blood viscosity | the number of molecules and suspended materials in a liquid |
| Blood viscosity and peripheral resistance are (directly proportional/indirectly proportional) | blood viscosity and peripheral resistance are directly proportional |
| blood is (more/less) viscous than water | blood is about 4 times more viscous than water |
| what is turbulence | turbulence is the swirling action that disturbs smooth flow of fluid |
| where does turbulence occur the most in the body | turbulence occurs most in the heart chambers and the great vessels |
| what is a cause of abnormal turbulence in blood vessels | atherosclerotic plaque |
| where is blood vessel diameter highest? where is blood vessel diameter second highest ? | vessel diameter is greatest in the venae cavae and second greatest in elastic arteries |
| where is total cross-sectional area createst | capillaries have the highest total cross sectional area |
| where is average blood pressure highest and where is it second highest | blood pressure is highest at elastic arteries and second highest at the muscular arteries |
| where is velocity of blood flow greatest and second greatest | velocity of blood flow is greatest in the elastic arteries and second greatest in the muscular arteries |
| when blood pressure is taken, what is the name of the top number | the top number is systolic blood pressure |
| what does systolic pressure measure | systolic pressure measures peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole |
| when taking blood pressure, what is the name of the bottom number | the bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure |
| what does diastolic pressure measure | minimum arterial pressure |
| how do you calculate pulse pressure | Systolic Pressure - Diastolic pressure |
| what MAP | mean arterial pressure |
| how do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) | diastolic pressure + (1/3)(Pulse Pressure) ~ OR ~ DBP +(1/3)(SBP-DBP) |
| where does elastic rebound occur | the arterial wall of elastic arteries |
| what is elastic rebound | elastic rebound is when the arterial wall stretches during systole and recoils (to its original shape) during diastole |
| why does elastic rebound occur | elastic rebound keeps the blood moving forward during diastole |
| what happens to MAP and Pulse pressure as you get further away from the heart | MAP and Pulse Pressure decrease with distance from the heart |
| with increased friction, what happens to blood pressure | blood pressure decreases with friction |
| what is venous return | the amount of blood that is returned to the right atrium each minute |
| generally speaking, the venous system has effectively (high/low) blood pressure | the venous system has low effective blood pressure |
| what are the two major things that assist with venous return | muscular compression of peripheral veins and the respiratory pump. |
| what is respiratory pump | thoracic cavity action |
| inhaling (increases/decreases) thoracic pressure which increases venous return | inhaling increases venous return |
| exhaling raises thoracic pressure and (increases/decreases) venous return | exhaling decreases venous return |
| what aspect of the vascular system is absolutely vital to homeostasis | capillary pressure and capillary exchange |
| how do materials move across capillary walls | 1) diffusion, 2) filtration, 3) reabsorbtion |
| what is diffusion | the passive movement of ions of molecules through a membrane |
| during diffusion ions move from (high/low) concentration to an area of (high/low) concentration | diffusion moves from high to low concentration |
| what is does "along the concentration gradient" mean | diffusion moves from high to low concentration |
| what materials will diffuse through endothelial cells or pores | water, iron and small molecules |
| how do small ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-) diffuse through a membrane | small ions diffuse through channels on the plasma membranes |
| what type of capillaries allow for the diffusion of large, water soluble compounds | large, water-soluble compounds pass through fenestrated capillaries |
| what are the only types of substances that can diffuse through endothelial plasma membranes | lipids and lipid soluble materials (like O2) |
| what diffused through the endothelium of the sinusoids | plasma proteins |
| what drives filtration in the capillaries | hydrostatic pressure drives filtration in the capillaries |
| what happens during filtration | during filtration water and small solutes are forced though capillary walls |
| large solutes (can/cannot) leave the bloodstream during filtration | large solutes cannot leave the bloodstream during filtration |
| reabsorption is a result of _______________- | reabsorption is a result of OSMOSIS |
| solute concentration and osmotic pressure are (directly/indirectly) related | solute concentration and osmotic pressure are directly related |
| if a solute concentration is higher then osmotic pressure is (higher/lower) | higher solute concentration leads to HIGHER osmotic pressure |
| what is the pressure required to prevent osmosis | blood colloid osmotic pressure |
| what causes blood colloid osmotic pressure | suspended blood proteins capillary walls that are too large to cross |
| name four functions of filtration and reabsorption | 1) constant communication btwn plasma and interstitial fluid, 2) accelerates distribution of nutrients/hormones/gases, 3) assists in transport of insoluble lipids and proteins, 4) carries bacterial toxins and other chemicals stimuli into lymph |
| what happens to water when there is net hydrostatic pressure in a capillary | water is forced OUT of a solution during net hydrostatic pressure |
| what happens to water when there is net osmotic pressure | net osmotic pressure forces water INTO a solution |
| what controls the interplay of filtration and reabsorption through capillary beds | net osmotic pressure and net hydrostatic pressure control filtration and reabsorption |
| what two factors contribute to net hydrostatic pressure | 1) capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) , 2) interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IHP) |
| what happens with net capillary hydrostatic pressure | water and solutes are pushed out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid |
| net capillary colloid osmotic pressure is the difference between what two factors | 1) blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), 2) interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP) |
| what is the function of net capillary colloid osmotic pressure | pulls water and solutes into the capillary from interstitial fluid |
| what is the mathematical representation for net hydrostatic pressure | NHP = CHP - IHP (Net hydrostatic Pressure equals Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure minus Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure) |
| what is the mathematical representation for net osmotic pressure | NOP = BCOP - ICOP (Net Osmotic Pressure equals Blood colloid Osmotic Pressure minus Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure) |
| what is net filtration pressure | the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure |
| what is the mathematical equation for net filtration pressure | NFP = NHP - NOP ~ OR ~ NFP = (CHP - IHP) - (BCOP - ICOP) |
| physiologically what is happening to fluid at the arterial end of the capillary bed | fluid moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid |
| physiologically what is happening to fluid at the venous end of the capillary bed | fluid moves into the capillary and out of interstitial fluid |
| at what point in the capillary bed does the transition between filtration and reabsorption occur | the transition point between filtration and reabsorption occurs closer to the venous end of the capillary bed |
| capillaries filter (more/less) than they reabsorb | capillaries filter MORE than they reabsorb |
| capillaries filter more fluid than they reabsorb, where does the excess fluid go | the excess fluid from capillary beds enters the lymphatic vessels |
| how does hemorrhaging affect capillary hydrostatic pressure | hemorrhaging reduces capillary hydrostatic pressure |
| how does hemorrhaging affect net filtration pressure | hemorrhaging reduces net filtration pressure |
| when does recall of fluids occur | hemorrhaging |
| what is recall of fluids | increased reabsorption of interstitial fluids |
| how do large hemorrhages affect the interplay between filtration and reabsorption | large hemorrhages INCREASES REABSORPTION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID |
| how does dehydration affect blood colloid osmotic pressure | blood colloid osmotic pressure increases with dehydration |
| what is the effect that dehydration has on reabsorption | dehydration ACCELERATES reabsorption |
| when capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure are increased, what happens to fluid in the blood | fluid moves out of the blood with increased CHP and increased BCOP |
| what can be a sign/symptom of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased blood colloid osmotic pressure | edema/swelling |
| what is a physiological sign of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased blood colloid osmotic pressure | fluid build up in peripheral tissues |
| what is tissue perfusion | blood flow through tissues |
| what is the purpose of tissue perfusion | to bring O2 and nutrients to the tissues/organs; and to carry CO2 and wastes away |
| name three things that affect tissue perfusion | 1) cardiac output, 2) peripheral resistance, 3) blood pressure |
| when a certain cell (or group of cells) become more active, what happens to the blood flow to that area | as a cell (or group of cells) become more active, blood flow to the area must increase |
| _____________________________ changes blood flow to a specific area/region of the body | cardiovascular regulation changes blood flow to a specific area |
| what causes blood flow in capillaries to constantly change routes | vasomotion, the contraction relaxation cycle of precapillary sphincters |
| name three things that control cardiac output and blood pressure | 1) autoregulation, 2) neural mechanisms, 3) endocrine mechanisms |
| what cases immediate localized homeostatic adjustments to blood pressure and cardiac output | autoregulation causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments |
| how does neural mechanisms control cardiac output and blood pressure regulation | neural mechanisms control cardiac output and blood pressure by responding quickly to changes at specific sites |
| list the major arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta (in order from most superior to most inferior | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal artery, gonadal artery, inferior mesenteric artery, common iliac artery |
| what vein does the right gonadal vein feed into | inferior vena cava |
| what vein does the left gonadal vein feed into | left renal veins |
| where does the great saphenous vein drain blood from | the foot and lower extremety |
| what vein does the great saphenous vein drain into | the femoral artery |
| what does the femoral vein drain blood into | the external iliac vein |
| what does the external iliac vein drain blood into | common iliac vein |
| what is autoregulation | adjusting blood flow within a tissue while cardiac output remains the same |
| what structure has a primary function to autoregulate blood flow within the tissues | precapillary sphincters |
| what is the function of local vasoconstrictors | chemicals released into bloodstream to stimulate blood flow by constricting precapillary sphincters (i.e . prostaglandins and thromboxanes) |
| what are vasodilators | chemicals that promote the dilation of precapillary sphincters |
| what are some examples of local vasodilators | Low O2, high CO2, high H+ concentration, lactate, Nitric Oxide (NO), histamines (chemicals released by inflammation), elevated local temperature |
| what center of the brain controls the cardiovascular system | medulla oblongata is the cardiovascular center of the brain |
| the ________________________ is the cardiac center of the brain | medulla oblongata is the cardiac center of the brain |
| what area in the brain is also known as the vasomotor center | the medulla oblongata is the vasomotor center of the brain |
| the ____________________________________ center of the medulla oblongata increases cardiac output | cardioacceleratory center |
| the ______________________________________ center of the brain reduces cardiac output | cardioinhibitory center |
| vasoconstriction and vasodilation are controlled by the _____________________ center of the medulla oblongata | vasomotor center controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| what nerves and neurotransmitter control stimulate vasoconstriction | adrenergic nerves (Norepinephrine) controls vasoconstriction |
| what neurotransmitter stimulates contraction in arteriole walls | norepinepherine |
| what nerves from the vasomotor center are responsible for relaxing smooth muscle | cholinergic nerves |
| what produces vasomotor tone | constant action of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves |
| control of cardiovascular function is (voluntary/reflex) | control of cardiovascular function is REFLEX |
| name two types of reflexes that monitor arterial blood | baroreceptor reflexes and chemoreceptor reflexes |
| where are the reflex sensors located | arterial blood vessels (specifically common carotid and aortic arch) |
| what do baroreceptor reflexes respond to | changes in blood pressure |
| what reflex responds to chemical composition (particularly pH (H+ concentration) and dissolved gasses) | chemoreceptor reflexes respond to pH changes and dissolved gases |
| stretch receptors are located in the _____________________ and are part of the ____________________________ reflexes | stretch receptors are located in the CAROTID AND AORTIC SINUSES (and RIGHT ATRIUM) and are part of the BARORECEPTORS reflexes |
| stretch (Baro) receptors in the Carotid Sinus are used to maintain blood flow to __________________________ | stretch receptors in the carotid sinus maintain the blood flow to the brain |
| to monitor the blood pressure of the start of systemic circuit there are baroreceptors in the _______________________ | AORTIC SINUSES have stretch receptors that monitor the start of the systemic circuit |
| what monitors blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit | the stretch receptors in the wall of the right artrium |
| the aortic reflex is triggered by what | the aortic reflex is triggered by CHANGE IN BLOOD PRESSER IN THE ASCENDING AORTA |
| how does the body respond to pressure changes in the aortic reflex | the body adjusts blood pressure and flow |
| how do baroreceptor reflexes respond when blood pressure rises | decrease cardiac output and peripheral vasodilation |
| how do baroreceptor reflexes respond when blood pressure lowers | increases cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction |
| what do Atrial Baroreceptors monitor | Atrial Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit |
| what is the Bainbridge reflex | the bainbridge reflex is body's response to the stretching of the wall of the Right Atrium |
| where are the peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes located | peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies |
| where are central chemoreceptors located | central chemoreceptors are located just below the medulla oblongata |
| what does the central chemoreceptors do | central chemoreceptors monitor cerebrospinal fluid, control respiratory function, and control blood flow to brain |
| what does the chemoreceptor reflexes respond to | pH (H+ concentration), PO2 concentration, and PCO2 concentration |
| the (Chemoreceptor/Baroreceptor) reflexes help to coordinate cardiovascular and respiratory activities | Chemoreceptors reflexes help to coordinate cardiovascular and respiratory activities |
| how do emotional states elevated BP | emotional states elevate BP by increased cardiac stimulation and vasoconsrtiction |
| hormones have (long-term/short-term/both long-term and short-term) effect on cardiovascular regulation | hormones have BOTH LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM effects on cardiovascular regulation |
| what is the term for the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles with every heart beat | systolic volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each systole |
| End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume = ____________________________ | Stroke Volume = EDV - ESV |
| Heart Rate X Stroke Volume = ______________________________ | Cardiac Output = HR X SV |
| Cardiac Output (has a limit/has no limit) | Cardiac Output has limits |
| During a cardiac cycle, most time is spent in (systole/diastole) | during a cardiac cycle, most time is spent during diastole |
| what suffers part of the cardiac cycle with an increased Heart Rate | Diastole suffers the most with Tachycardia |
| describe what happens to the End Diastolic Volume when diastole is shortened. Why does this happen? | End diastolic Volume decreases with reduced time in Diastole because there is a decrease in filling time |
| where do the Right and Left Coronary arteries start on the Aorta | The right and left coronary arteries are immediately after the Aortic Semilunar valve |
| how does the heart receive nutrients and Oxygen | the heart gets its oxygen and nutrients from the coronary arteries |
| during what phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart receive the most blood from the coronary arteries | the heart receives the most blood from the coronary arteries during diastole |
| if the amount of time in diastole is shortened, how does this effect how the heart will receive blood from coronary arteries, why? | with decreased time in diastole the heart does not receive the nutrients of Oxygen it needs, because the heart receives the most nutrients it needs during diastole |
| how does thyroid hormone affect heart rate? Why ? | thyroid hormone speeds up heart rate by making it more permissive/responsive to Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. |
| how does the atrial reflex increase heart rate | with increased venous return, there is an increased stretching in the atria and therefore speeds up the heart rate |
| what type of sympathetic receptors can be found in the heart | Beta-1 receptors are found in the heart |
| what are two things that limit End Diastolic volume | filling time and venous return |
| what is apical pulse | the actual counting of heartbeats |
| where can a person obtain a radial pulse | lateral wrist above the thumb |
| what is pulse deficit | the difference between the apical and radial pulse |
| what is systolic blood pressure | pressure in the arteries of ventricular ejection |
| what is diastolic blood pressure | pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation |
| what is the common term for sphygmomanometer | blood pressure cuff |
| how high should one inflate a sphygmomanometer | inflate a blood pressure cuff high enough to occlude circulation to the forearm |
| what are the sounds of korotkoff | sounds of korotkoff are the sounds made when blood starts to flow into the forearm after starting to deflate the blood pressure cuff |
| when listening to blood pressure, what does the first sound of korotkoff signify | first sound of korotkoff is Systolic blood pressure |
| when the sounds of korotkoff stop, what does this signify | the cessation of korotkoff signify diastolic blood pressure |
| the common carotid artery divides into what | the internal and external carotid arteries |
| what feeds the common carotid | on the left it is the aortic arch, on the right it is the brachiocephalic artery/trunk |
| the (internal/external) carotid artery supplies the brain | internal carotid artery supplies the brain |
| between the internal carotid, external carotid, and vertebral arteries; which one supplies the extracranial tissues of the head and neck (i.e. facial tissue) | extracranial arteries |
| when blood is leaving the internal carotid artery, where does it go | blood leaving the internal carotid artery it enters into the circle of willis |
| when blood enters into the vertebral arteries, where is it coming from | the subclavian arteries |
| when leaving the two vertebral arteries combine to form what artery | the basilar artery prior to entering into the circle of willis |
| what parts of the body to the branches of the descending aorta supply | abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities |
| name the 5 main arteries that branch off the descending aorta | 1) Celiac trunk, 2) Superior Mesentaric Artery, 3) Renal Arteries, 4) Gonadal Arteries, and 5) Inferior Mesenartic Artery |
| name some of the main organs that are supplied by the celiac trunk | liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, (parts of the) small intestine |
| what are the main organ(s) that are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery | most of small intestine and first half of large intestine |
| what are the main organ(s) that are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery | distal half of the large intestine |
| the ___________________ arteries feed the kidneys | renal arteries |
| name the path that blood takes when it leaves the heart and goes to the kidneys | aortic arch, descending aorta, renal arteries, kidneyes |
| when blood arrives in the common iliac arteries, where is it coming from | the descending aorta |
| the common iliac artery divides into two different arteries, what are they? | the internal iliac and the external iliac |
| when blood enters into the internal iliac artery, what artery is it coming from? | common iliac artery |
| what organs doe the internal iliac artery supply | gluteal and adductor muscles, genitalia, and perineum |
| what artery feeds the genitalia and perineum | internal iliac artery |
| trace the blood as it goes from the heart to the genitalia | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac, internal iliac, genitalia |
| when the blood enters into the external iliac where is it coming from | the common iliac artery |
| when the blood leaves the external iliac artery, where does it go | femoral artery |
| when the blood enters the femoral artery, where does it come from | the external iliac artery |
| when the blood leaves the femoral artery, where does it goe | the popliteal artery |
| trace the path that blood follows when it leaves the heart and goes to the femoral artery | the aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery |
| when blood enters the popliteal artery, where does it come from | the femoral artery |
| name the three arteries supply the lower leg | anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, fibular artery |
| what artery(ies) feed supply the anterior and medial lower leg | anterior and posterior tibial artery. |
| when blood enters into the anterior tibial artery, where does it come from | popliteal artery |
| when blood enters into the posterior tibial artery, where does it come from | popliteal artery |
| when blood enters into the fibular artery, where does it come from | popliteal artery |
| trace the path that blood flows through to the anterior tibial artery | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery |
| trace the path that blood flows through to the posterior tibial artery | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery |
| trace the path that blood flows through to the fibular artery | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, fibular artery |
| what artery supplies the lateral part of the lower leg | the fibular artery |
| what veins in the neck help drain the the head and face | the internal and external jugular veins |
| the left internal and left external jugular veins drain into what vein | the left subclavian vein |
| the right internal and right external jugular veins drain into what vein | the brachiocephalic veins |
| when blood enters into the left subclavian vein, what four veins does it come from | left internal jugular vein, left external jugular vein, left axillary vein, left cephalic vein |
| what vein is used for clinical blood draws | median cubital vein |
| the median cubital vein drains into what vein | basilic vein |
| the axillary vein receives blood from what vein(s)? | the brachial and basilic veins |
| the right subclavian vein drains into what vein | the brachiocephalic vein |
| in the upper arm area, name the three major veins (lateral to medial) | cephalic vein, brachial vein, basilic vein |
| the right and left _______________________ veins unite to form the superior vena cava | the brachiocephalic veins |
| the ____________________ veins drain the shoulder and arms and eventually become the brachiocephalic vein | subclavian veins |
| the ____________________ veins drain the right side of the thorax into the superior vena cava and is part of the azygos system | azygos |
| what is the name of the system of veinsthat drains the intercostal muscles of the thorax and abdomen wall | azygos system |
| the (internal/external) jugular vein drains veins from the brain | the INTERNAL jugular vein drains blood from the brain |
| what vein drains blood from the face and scalp into the subclavian vein | the external jugular vein drains the blood from the face and scalp to the subclavian vein |
| name the vein that drain the kidneys | renal veins drain the kidneys |
| the left gonadal vein drains into the | left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein |
| where does the right gonadal vein drain to | the right gonadal vein drains into the inferior vena cava |
| what veins drain the ovaries or the testes | the gonadal veins drain the ovaries and the testes |
| name the longest vein in the body | great saphenous vein |
| where does the great saphenous vein drain from and where does it go to | drains from the heel and drains into the femoral vein |
| the right and left common iliac veins meet up to form the _________________ | inferior vena cava |
| exterior iliac veins receives blood from what vein | femoral vein |
| for further digestion and processing in the liver, blood returned from the digestive system flows through a second vein to the liver. what is the name of thies vein | the hepatic portal vein |
| what vein feeds into the hepatic portal vein | superior mesenteric vein |
| the _________________________________ vein receives blood from the small intestine and colon into the hepatic portal vein | superior mesenteric vein receives blood from the small intestine and colon and drains into the hepatic portal vein |
| what vein drains the liver into the vena cava | hepatic veins |
| the hepatic vein drains into what | the hepatic vein drains into the inferior vena cava |
| the hepatic veins drain blood from what organ | the hepatic vein drains blood from the liver |
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