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Microbiology
Chapter 5 Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do all enzymatic reactions need activation energy? | Energy allows only the substrate to bind |
| What is meant by the statement "enzymes are biological catalysts"? | Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells |
| Why are enzymes important to biological systems? | Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur. |
| Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is true | Heat may be released in both anabolic and catabolic reactions, ATP is formed in catabolic reactions, ADP is formed in anabolic reactions |
| ATP is a common intermediate between ______and _____ pathways | catabolic and anabolic |
| Anaerobic organisms are capable of | generating ATP via respiration |
| ATP can be generated by the flow of | protons across protein channels |
| Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions? | Anabolic reactions break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones |
| True/False In general, ATP generated in catabolic pathways and expended in anabolic pathways | True |
| True/False Catabolic reactions are generally degradative and hydrolytic. | True |
| In metabolism, energy that is not used | is given off as heat |
| The reactions involved in producing larger compounds from smaller compounds is called | anabolism |
| Where does the energy required for anabolic reactions come from? | Catabolic reactions |
| The use of amino acid make proteins | Whis an example of anabolism |
| Which of he following compounds are enzymes? | B-galactosidase, dehydrogenase, cellulase, and sucrase |
| Which of the following matches enzyme components with their correct definition and/or function? | Coenzymes are the organic cofactors important to enzyme activity |
| True/False The use of enzymes is necessary to increase the activation energy requirements of a chemical reaction. | False |
| The best definition of Oxidative Phosphorylation? | A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP |
| What is true about photophosphorylation | The oxidation of carrier molecules releases energy, light liberates an electron from chlorophyll, energy from oxidation reactions is used to generate ATP from ADP, it occurs in photosynthesizing cells |
| What does photophosphorylation not require? | CO2 |
| Gallionella bacteria can get energy from the reaction Fe2+---Fe3+, this reaction is an example of | Oxidation |
| What is true about anaerobic respiration? | It requires cytochromes, it generates ATP, it yields lower amounts of ATP when compared to aerobic respiration, only part of Krebs cycle is utilized |
| What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration | It is converted into acetyl CoA |
| A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy | by glycolysis only |
| The best definition of fermentation | the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors |
| What is NOT necessary for respiration | oxygen |
| What IS necessary for respiration | a source of electrons, quinones, flavoproteins, cytochromes |
| Assume you are responsible for growing a yeast culture that produces ethanol. The yeasts are growing well on the maltose medium but are not producing alcohol, why? | O2 is in the medium |
| In cellular respiration of glucose, what are the three principle stages | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain |
| Aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration | Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor (such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, or rarely, an organic molecule |
| Which biochemical process is used during glycolysis | carbohydrate catabolism, oxidation-reduction, substrate-level phosphorylation, enzymatic reaction |
| Which of the following is true about oxidation of proteins | Enzymes break down proteins into component amino acids, the amino group is removed through deamination and converted to nitrogenous waste, such as NH4+, after deamination of the protein, the organic acid enter the Krebs cycle |
| This is true of Lipid oxidation | Microbes produce extracellular enzymes to reduce proteins to their fatty acid and glycerol components so that each component can enter the Krebs cycle |
| If a pure culture of E. coli and Shigella was placed in a tube containing lactose as the only food source and a chemical indicator changed color after a pH change, what would the tubes look like after the bacteria were incubated? | The tube with E coli would indicate a pH change, and the Shigella tube would indicate no change |
| In noncyclic photophosphorylation, O2 is released from | water (H2O) |
| True / False Carbon fixation occurs during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis. | True |
| True / False Both respiration and photosynthesis require the use of an electron transport chain | True |
| Match chemoheterotroph | glucose |
| Match photoheterotroph | light |
| Match chemoautotroph | NH3 |
| Match Chemoautotroph | Fe2+ |
| Which of the following uses CO2 for carbon and H2 for energy? | chemoautotroph |
| Which of the following uses glucose for carbon and energy? | chemoheterotroph |
| Cyanobacteria are a type of | photoautotroph |
| Which refers to pathways that can function both in anabolism and catabolism | amphibolic pathways |
| STEP 1 cellular respiration Inputs: | 1-glucose(fuel) +6 -O2 (gas we inhale) |
| STEP 2 cellular respiration Outputs: | 6-CO2(gas we exhale)+6-H2O (water)+ ATP (energy packets that cells use to do work) |
| STEP 1 photosynthesis Inputs: | 6- CO2(source of carbon & oxygen) +6-H2O (source of electrons & hydrogen) + light (energy that drives photosynthesis) |
| STEP 2 photosynthesis Outputs: | glucose(sugar) +6-O2 (gas produced from splitting water) |
| Catabolism is | Catabolic reactions are exergonic; they break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones |
| The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are example of | anabolic reactions |
| This is true about enzymes | Each enzyme has a characteristic three-dimensional shape |
| This is true about glucose metabolism | Pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis, is the starting block for both the Krebs cycle and fermentation |
| The complete oxidation (catabolism) of glucose typically involves three stages. The greatest number of ATP's is produced in which stage | the electron transport chain |
| Which of the following molecules carry electrons during various stages of glucose catabolism | NADH and FADH2 |
| Which of the following four stages of glucose oxidation during aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen | oxidative phosphoraylation |
| Fermentation differs from anaerobic respiration in that fermentation does NOT | use an electron transport chain |
| Like glucose, amino acids are catabolized for energy, but these must be converted to a form in which they can enter the Krebs cycle for oxidation. All of the following reactions occur in the catabolism of amino acids EXCEPT | carbon fixation |
| All of the following reactions occur in catabolism of amino acids | deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation |
| You inoculate a bacterial culture into a tube containing glucose and peptides. The pH indicator shows that the pH decreased after 24 hours and then increased 48 hours. What has caused the increase in pH | Deamination |
| When fermentation tests are used to help identify bacteria, which of the following end products is typically detected by color change | acid |
| Carbon fixation occurs during | photosynthesis |
| Which of the following are products of noncyclic photophosphorylation reactions in oxygenic organisms | O2, ATP, and NADPH |
| During the light independent reaction of photosynthesis, organisms | synthesize sugars |
| Which of the following molecules traps energy released during oxidation-reduction reactions | ATP |
| Nitrobacter bacteria use carbon dioxide for their carbon source and nitrate ions as an energy source. This organism is a | chemolithoautotroph |
| Which group of group of organisms has members representing each of the following nutritional classifications: chemoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and photoautotrophs | bacteria |
| Some amino acids are synthesized by adding an amine group to pyruvic acid or to one of the Krebs cycle intermediates. This process is known as | amination |
| Which of the following terms refers to pathways that can function in both anabolism and catabolism | amphibolic pathways |
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