Chapter 5 Metabolism
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| Why do all enzymatic reactions need activation energy? | Energy allows only the substrate to bind
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| What is meant by the statement "enzymes are biological catalysts"? | Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells
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| Why are enzymes important to biological systems? | Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur.
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| Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is true | Heat may be released in both anabolic and catabolic reactions, ATP is formed in catabolic reactions, ADP is formed in anabolic reactions
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| ATP is a common intermediate between ______and _____ pathways | catabolic and anabolic
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| Anaerobic organisms are capable of | generating ATP via respiration
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| ATP can be generated by the flow of | protons across protein channels
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| Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions? | Anabolic reactions break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones
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| True/False In general, ATP generated in catabolic pathways and expended in anabolic pathways | True
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| True/False Catabolic reactions are generally degradative and hydrolytic. | True
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| In metabolism, energy that is not used | is given off as heat
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| The reactions involved in producing larger compounds from smaller compounds is called | anabolism
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| Where does the energy required for anabolic reactions come from? | Catabolic reactions
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| The use of amino acid make proteins | Whis an example of anabolism
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| Which of he following compounds are enzymes? | B-galactosidase, dehydrogenase, cellulase, and sucrase
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| Which of the following matches enzyme components with their correct definition and/or function? | Coenzymes are the organic cofactors important to enzyme activity
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| True/False The use of enzymes is necessary to increase the activation energy requirements of a chemical reaction. | False
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| The best definition of Oxidative Phosphorylation? | A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP
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| What is true about photophosphorylation | The oxidation of carrier molecules releases energy, light liberates an electron from chlorophyll, energy from oxidation reactions is used to generate ATP from ADP, it occurs in photosynthesizing cells
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| What does photophosphorylation not require? | CO2
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| Gallionella bacteria can get energy from the reaction Fe2+---Fe3+, this reaction is an example of | Oxidation
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| What is true about anaerobic respiration? | It requires cytochromes, it generates ATP, it yields lower amounts of ATP when compared to aerobic respiration, only part of Krebs cycle is utilized
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| What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration | It is converted into acetyl CoA
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| A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy | by glycolysis only
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| The best definition of fermentation | the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors
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| What is NOT necessary for respiration | oxygen
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| What IS necessary for respiration | a source of electrons, quinones, flavoproteins, cytochromes
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| Assume you are responsible for growing a yeast culture that produces ethanol. The yeasts are growing well on the maltose medium but are not producing alcohol, why? | O2 is in the medium
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| In cellular respiration of glucose, what are the three principle stages | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
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| Aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration | Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor (such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, or rarely, an organic molecule
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| Which biochemical process is used during glycolysis | carbohydrate catabolism, oxidation-reduction, substrate-level phosphorylation, enzymatic reaction
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| Which of the following is true about oxidation of proteins | Enzymes break down proteins into component amino acids, the amino group is removed through deamination and converted to nitrogenous waste, such as NH4+, after deamination of the protein, the organic acid enter the Krebs cycle
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| This is true of Lipid oxidation | Microbes produce extracellular enzymes to reduce proteins to their fatty acid and glycerol components so that each component can enter the Krebs cycle
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| If a pure culture of E. coli and Shigella was placed in a tube containing lactose as the only food source and a chemical indicator changed color after a pH change, what would the tubes look like after the bacteria were incubated? | The tube with E coli would indicate a pH change, and the Shigella tube would indicate no change
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| In noncyclic photophosphorylation, O2 is released from | water (H2O)
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| True / False Carbon fixation occurs during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis. | True
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| True / False Both respiration and photosynthesis require the use of an electron transport chain | True
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| Match chemoheterotroph | glucose
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| Match photoheterotroph | light
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| Match chemoautotroph | NH3
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| Match Chemoautotroph | Fe2+
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| Which of the following uses CO2 for carbon and H2 for energy? | chemoautotroph
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| Which of the following uses glucose for carbon and energy? | chemoheterotroph
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| Cyanobacteria are a type of | photoautotroph
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| Which refers to pathways that can function both in anabolism and catabolism | amphibolic pathways
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| STEP 1 cellular respiration Inputs: | 1-glucose(fuel) +6 -O2 (gas we inhale)
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| STEP 2 cellular respiration Outputs: | 6-CO2(gas we exhale)+6-H2O (water)+ ATP (energy packets that cells use to do work)
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| STEP 1 photosynthesis Inputs: | 6- CO2(source of carbon & oxygen) +6-H2O (source of electrons & hydrogen) + light (energy that drives photosynthesis)
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| STEP 2 photosynthesis Outputs: | glucose(sugar) +6-O2 (gas produced from splitting water)
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| Catabolism is | Catabolic reactions are exergonic; they break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones
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| The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are example of | anabolic reactions
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| This is true about enzymes | Each enzyme has a characteristic three-dimensional shape
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| This is true about glucose metabolism | Pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis, is the starting block for both the Krebs cycle and fermentation
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| The complete oxidation (catabolism) of glucose typically involves three stages. The greatest number of ATP's is produced in which stage | the electron transport chain
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| Which of the following molecules carry electrons during various stages of glucose catabolism | NADH and FADH2
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| Which of the following four stages of glucose oxidation during aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen | oxidative phosphoraylation
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| Fermentation differs from anaerobic respiration in that fermentation does NOT | use an electron transport chain
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| Like glucose, amino acids are catabolized for energy, but these must be converted to a form in which they can enter the Krebs cycle for oxidation. All of the following reactions occur in the catabolism of amino acids EXCEPT | carbon fixation
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| All of the following reactions occur in catabolism of amino acids | deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation
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| You inoculate a bacterial culture into a tube containing glucose and peptides. The pH indicator shows that the pH decreased after 24 hours and then increased 48 hours. What has caused the increase in pH | Deamination
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| When fermentation tests are used to help identify bacteria, which of the following end products is typically detected by color change | acid
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| Carbon fixation occurs during | photosynthesis
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| Which of the following are products of noncyclic photophosphorylation reactions in oxygenic organisms | O2, ATP, and NADPH
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| During the light independent reaction of photosynthesis, organisms | synthesize sugars
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| Which of the following molecules traps energy released during oxidation-reduction reactions | ATP
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| Nitrobacter bacteria use carbon dioxide for their carbon source and nitrate ions as an energy source. This organism is a | chemolithoautotroph
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| Which group of group of organisms has members representing each of the following nutritional classifications: chemoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and photoautotrophs | bacteria
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| Some amino acids are synthesized by adding an amine group to pyruvic acid or to one of the Krebs cycle intermediates. This process is known as | amination
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| Which of the following terms refers to pathways that can function in both anabolism and catabolism | amphibolic pathways
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