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Human Reproduction
A&P II - Human Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| name the system in the human body that is responsible for producing and storing specialized reproductive cells that combine to form new organisms | reproductive system |
| what is the secondary function of the human reproduction system | the producing of specialized hormones that are needed for the maintenance of normal sexual functions |
| what are the male gonads | testes |
| what are the female gonads | ovaries |
| what are the main structures of the reproductive system (both male and female) | gonads, ducts, accessory glands |
| what is the general name of organs that produce gametes and hormones (both male and female) | gonads |
| what is the function of ducts in the reproductive system | receive and transport gametes |
| what is the function for accessory glands in the reproductive system | secrete fluids into ducts |
| how do sex hormones play a role in the reproductive system (three things) | 1) development and function of gonads, 2) sexual behavior and drives, 3) growth and development of other organs/tissues |
| name the amount and the frequency at which female gametes are produced | there is one gamete produced per month |
| name the amount and the frequency at which male gametes are produced | men produce about half a billion sperm produced per day |
| which sex (male/female) is responsible for retaining and nurturing a zygote | female |
| name the organ that produces sperm | testes |
| what structure are the sperm produced in | seminiferous tubules |
| after production in the seminiferous tubules, name the structures in which the sperm travels out of the body during ejaculation (structures must be in correct order to be right) | 1) seminiferous tubules, 2) epididymis, 3) ductus (vas) deferens, 4) ejaculatory duct, 5) urethra |
| name the accessory glands in a male (there are three), that empty secretions into the ducts during ejaculation | 1) Seminal gland, 2) prostate, 3) bulbo-urethral gland |
| what is the temp. difference of the scrotum compared to the core body temperature | about 3 degrees celcius lower |
| why is the scrotum sit outside the body | sperm need lower temperature to develop and mature |
| name the two muscles that assist in temperature control of the scrotum | cremaster and dartos |
| what is the difference between the dartos and cremaster | the dartos are smooth muscles while the cremaster muscles are skeletal muscles |
| what is the function of the cremaster muscle | elevate the testes |
| what is the function of the dartos muscles | wrinkle scrotal skin and pulling skin closer to the body |
| what is the pampiniform venous plexus | the venous and arteriole complex that are located in the spermatic cord of the scrotum |
| why is the pampiniform venous plexus so important (what is its main function other than delivering blood to and from testes) | temperature control, veins absorb heat from testicular arteries and help keep testes cool |
| name the three main (structures that are enclosed in the spermatic cords | nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue |
| name the structures that send the immature sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis | seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis |
| site of spermatogenesis, name the organ and the specific structure in that organ | seminiferous tubules in the testes |
| name the 5 contents of the seminiferous tubules | 1) spermatogonia, 2) spermatocytes (at various stages of meiosis), 3) spermatids, 4) spermatozoa , 5) nurse (sustentacular/Sertoli) cells |
| what are the three phases (three steps) that are involved in spermatogenesis | 1) mitosis, 2) Meiosis, 3) Spermiogenesis |
| what are spermatogenic cells | |
| what is the name of sperm stem cells | spermatogonia |
| after mitosis, spermatogonia becomes _______________ | primary spermatocytes |
| during meiosis, primary spermatocytes become _________________ then _____________ | primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes then spermatids (at end of meiosis) |
| what process turns spermatids to non functional sperm | spermiogenesis |
| after mitosis, spermatogonia (one/two) daughter cells are produced. (one/both) daughter cell(s) become primary spermatocytes and (none/one) daughter cell(s) remain(s) as spermatogonia | Two daughter cells, one becomes primary spermatocyte, and one remains as spermatogonium |
| what are the 6 major functions of nurse cells | 1) maintain blood-testis barrier, 2) support mitosis, 3) support meiosis, 4) support spermiogenesis, 5) secrete inhibin, 6) secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
| name the four anatomical structures of spermatozoon | 1) head, 2) neck, 3) middle piece, 4) tail |
| mature spermatozoon (contains/lacks) organelles | lacks |
| what must happen before sperm become functional | they must absorb fructose (nutrients) from surrounding fluid |
| testes produce physically mature sperm that (can/cannot) fertilize an oocyte | cannot |
| the following functions functional maturation, nourishment, storage , and transport are performed by (the testes/other parts of the male reproductive system) | other parts of the male reproductive system |
| in the seminiferous tubules spermatozoa are (functionally mature/functionally immature) | in the seminiferous tubules spermatozoa is functionally immature |
| a functionally immature sperm in seminiferous tubules are (capable/incapable) of locomotion and/or fertilization | incapable |
| if sperm in lumen of seminiferous tubule are incapable of locomotion. what moves the sperm from the efferent ductules to the epididymis | cilia lining the efferent ductules |
| what are the three functions of the epididymis | 1) monidor fluids produced by seminiferous tubules (and make appropriate adjustments), 2) recycle damaged spermatozoa, 3) store/protect spermatozoa (facilitate functional maturation) |
| what structure in the testes helps store, protect, and facilitate functional maturation of spermatozoa | epididymis |
| after leaving the epididymis, spermatozoa are structurally (immature/mature) but are (mobile/immobile) | mature and immobile |
| what is the process that helps spermatozoa become motile and functional | capacitation |
| during capacitation sperm become (motile, capable of fertilization, both) | both motile and capable of fertilication |
| during capacitation, what makes sperm motile | mixing sperm with secretions of the seminal gland (seminal fluid that contains fructose) in the ejaculatory duct |
| when does sperm become capable of fertilication | exposure to female reproductive tract |
| what propels inactive sperm through the ductus (vas) deferens | peristaltic contractions and ciliated epithelium |
| how long can spermatozoa be stored in the vas deferens | several months. |
| what is the function of accessory glands in the male reproductive tract | productions of semen |
| what is semen | mixture of secretions |
| which accessory gland produces 60% of the semen volume | seminal vesicles |
| the fluids from which accessory gland has high fructose concentrations | seminal gland |
| the spermatozoa are immotile until the meet the fluid of the ________________ | seminal vesicles |
| at what anatomic structure does spermatozoa become motile | ejaculatory duct |
| where does the first stage of capacitation occur | ejaculatory duct |
| what indicates the completion of the first step in capacitation | spermatozoa begin beating flagella and become highly motile |
| which accessory gland consists encircles the proximal portion, of 30-50 compounds tubuloalveolar glands, and is surrounded by smooth muscle | prostate gland |
| the prostate produces a slightly (acidic/basic) fluid that contains seminalplasmin that helps to activate sperm | slightly acidic |
| what accessory gland produces seminalplasmin | prostate |
| fluid from the prostate is ejected into the | prostatic urethra |
| what are the two main functions of the bulbo-urethral (cowper's) gland | neurtalized Urinary acids in urethera and lubrication of the glans (penis tip) |
| seminal fluid is made up of _____________and _______________ | sperm and seminal fluid |
| an abnormally low volume of semen indicates problems with ________________ | prostate of seminal glands |
| what is ejaculate | the volume of fluid produced by ejaculation |
| what is the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis | it is the term for the three glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonadal glands) as if they were a single endocrine entity |
| in the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, what hormone is released by the hypothalamus in pulses | Gonadotropic releasing hormone |
| what are the target cells of the gonadotropin releasing hormone | basophil cells of the anterior pituitary |
| name the two hormones that are released by the anterior pituitary when stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone | follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone |
| what cells of the anterior pituitary release FSH and LH | basophil cells of the anterior pituitary |
| in men, what are the target cells of follicle stimulating hormone | sertoli (nurse) cells |
| what do nurse cells do in response to FSH stimulation | release of androgen-binding protien (ABP) therefore increasing the amount of testosterone near the spermiogenic cells |
| what is the overall result of FSH stimulation in the nurse cells (i.e. what process begins because of FSH stimulation in men) | spermatogenesis |
| what is the name of the hormone that is released by sertoli cells that act as a negative feedback system | inhibin |
| what organ is malfunctioning when, there is a hypersecretion of GnRH, hyposecretion of FSH, hyposecretion of ABP | anterior pituitary |
| there is an overproduction of FSH and an under production of androgen binding protein what organ/cell is damaged | sertoli (nurse) cells |
| what is the target cell for lutenizing hormone in men | leydig (interstitial) cells |
| when stimulated by lutenizing hormone the leydig cells produce | testosterone |
| what is the results of increased testosterone production | increased spermatogenesis rate |
| name three things that will not happen if lutenizing hormone does not properly stimulate interstitial cells properly | 1) hypothalamus continues to release large quantities of Gonadotropin Releasing hormone, 2) anterior pituitary releases large quantities, 3) sperm count is low because there is not enough testosterone |
| what is the negative feedback mechanism for lutenizing hormone | increased levels of testosterone |
| name the most important androgen | testosterone |
| what is the name of the hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis | testosterone |
| how does testosterone affect the Central Nervous system | it increases libido (sex drive) and other related behaviors |
| what is the effect of testosterone on metabolism | it increases metabolism, more specifically protein synthesis |
| how does testosterone effect blood cell formation and muscle growth | testosterone increases both blood cell formation and muscle growth |
| name some secondary male sex characteristics, | facial hair, increased muscle mass, greater body size, characteristic adipose tissue deposites |
| what hormone maintains accessory glands and other organs in the male reproductive tract | testosterone |
| what are the female gondads | ovaries |
| what is the function of the ovaries | to produce gametes (ova/ovum) |
| sex hormones such as estradiol, esterone, estriol, and progesterone are produced and secreted by what organ | female ovary |
| name the three ducts in the female reproductive system | uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
| name the three ligaments that help keep the ovaries in place | ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, mesovarium |
| how does the ovarian ligament hold the ovaries in place | anchors ovaries to the uterus |
| how does the suspensory ligament hold the ovaries in place | anchors ovaries laterally to pelvic wall |
| how does the mesovarium hold the ovary in place | suspends ovary |
| of the three ligaments that anchor the ovary, which two are apart of the broad ligament | suspensory and mesovarium ligament |
| name the female ligament that goes through the inguinal canal | round ligament |
| what are the three main functions of the ovaries | production of immature oocytes, secretion of female sex hormones, secretions of inhibin (neg. feedback control of FSH) |
| visceral peritoneum of the ovary is also called | germinal epithelium |
| name the two coverings on the ovaries (From inside out) | tunica albuginea, germinal epithelium (visceral peritoneum |
| what is the stroma of the ovary | interior tissues of the ovary |
| name the two parts of the ovarian stroma | cortex and medulla |
| what part of the ovarian stroma are female gametes produced | ovarian cortex |
| what is the name of the production of female gametes | oogenesis |
| the production of a female gamete can take (hours/days/years) to complete | years |
| when does oogenesis begin | oogenesis begins in fetal period |
| what are the germ cells of oocytes | oogonia |
| primordial follicles develop _____________________ oocytes | primary |
| at birth, the female gametes are stuck in the ______________________ phase of meiosis | prophase I |
| at birth, females (do/do not) have all their eggs they will ever need for the rest of their life | do |
| at what point in life, are primary follicles stimulated each month (what hormone stimulates them) | puberty and follicle stimulating hormone |
| ______________ (number of eggs) are selected each month to continue meiosis I | one |
| after meiosis I in oogenesis, what are the names of the two cells that are produced | secondary oocyte and a polar pody |
| at ovulation the second oocyte (has/has not) completed meiosis II | has not |
| what phase is the secondary oocyte stuck in when it is ovulated | metaphase II |
| when is meiosis II completed in oogenesis | when the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm |
| what are the results of oogenesis (prior to ovulation) | 1 secondary oocyte that is stuck in metaphase II, and the first polar bodies |
| once penetrated by sperm what is the result | a ovum and a second polar body |
| between spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which produces the most viable gametes | spermatogenesis (produces 4 viable gametes while oogenesis only produces 1) |
| (oogenesis/spermatogenesis) had a error rate of 20%, while (oogenesis/spermatogenesis) has an error rate of 3-4% | oogenesis; spermato genesis |
| unequal divisions of the oocyte ensures what | that the oocyte has ample nutrients for a 6-7 journey to the uterus |
| what happens to the polar bodies in the female reproductive tract | they degenerate and die |
| name the two cycles that are associated with menstruation and the female reproductive tract | ovarian cycle and uterine cycle |
| the (ovarian/uterine) cycle, is the series of events that occur monthly in regards to egg maturation | ovarian cycle |
| name the two phases of the ovarian cycle (in order) | follicular and luteal phase |
| generally speaking, on what day of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur | day 14 |
| during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, what occurs | there is follicular growth and oocyte maturation |
| what is occurring the the ovary during the luteal phase | the corpus luteum is active |
| name the two pouches that are created by the uterus and its surrounding structures in the pelvic cavity | rectouterine pouch and pouch of douglas |
| what structure in the pelvic cavity is a site where infections occur and where fluids typically collect | rectouterine pouch |
| name the three layers of tissue that surround the uterus | perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium ( 2 zones) |
| what are the names for the two zones of the endometrium | functional zone (stratum functionalis) and basal zone (stratum basalis) |
| name the type of tissue that is surrounding a primary oocyte (primordial follicle) | simple squamous cells |
| when does the ovarian cycle start | puberty |
| where are granulosa cells located in the human body | follicular cells of the female gonads (ovaries) |
| what are the theca cells | connective tissue cells that surround a secondary follicle |
| in an ovarian follicle, which group of cells produce mostly estrogens and a small amount of progesterone | granulosa cells and theca cells (theca folliculi) |
| once a primordial follicle is stimulated by FSH, the simple squamous cells become __________________ ___________ | cuboidal cells |
| name a structure in the ovary that includes an atrum | graafian follicle |
| for women who do not have 28 day cycles. the _________________ phase always varies and ovulation is always _____________ days before the first day of menses | follicular phase; fourteen |
| the ___________________ phase of the ovarian cycle is always constant and lasts _________________ days | luteal phase; fourteen |
| name the group of cells that forms around an oocyte during the late secondary follicle | zona pellucida |
| in the follicular phase, when does fluid start to accumulate between the granulosa | (late) secondary follicle |
| what is ovulation | when the ovary wall ruptures and expels an oocyte and the corona radiata |
| what is the term for the twinge of pain that can be felt at ovulation | mittelschmerz |
| what causes fraternal twins | more than one egg is released during ovulation |
| what causes identical twins | a single egg is released but the cells (for whatever reason) separate during the rapid cell division phase after fertilization |
| what cells create the corpus luteum | granulosa and internal thecal cells |
| what is the hormone that is secreted by the corpus luteum | progesterone |
| in the case of now pregnancy, how long does the corpus luteum secrete hormones prior to becoming a corpus albicans | 10-14 days |
| if pregnancy occurs, how long does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone | 3 months |
| what is the corpus albicans | scar tissue |
| what is the functions of the uterine/fallopian tubes | transport oocyte to the uterus |
| how does an oocyte move along the fallopian tube | peristalsis and ciliary action |
| how long does it take for the oocyte to travel from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube to the uterus | 3-4 days |
| what is the function of non-ciliated cells in the uterine tube | nourish oocyte and nerve |
| what is the mesosalpinx | the part of the mesentery that supports the uterine tubes |
| the ____________________ layer of the uterine wall is part of the serous (visceral) layer | perimetrium (visceral peritonium) |
| the _________________ layer of the uterine wall is the largest in size and contains smooth muscle | myometrium |
| the ____________________ layer includes mucosal lining (including vascular and glandular tissue) | endometrium |
| what is the function of vascular and glandular tissue in the endometrium | support the physiological demands of a growing fetus |
| what are the target cells for estrogen | endometrium of the uterine wall |
| what is the function of estrogen in the uterine wall | changing the uterine glands, blood vessels and epithelium to change with the phases of the uterine cycle |
| name the functional layer of the uterine endometrium | stratum functionalis |
| name the basal layer of the uterin endometrium | stratum basalis |
| what layer of the endometrium changes with the ovarian and sheds during menestration | stratum functionalis (functional layer) |
| what layer of the endometrium is unresponsive to ovarian hormones | stratum basalis (basal layer) |
| the stratum basalis has (straight/spiral) arteries and the stratum functionalis has (straight/spiral) arteries | stratum basalis has straight arteries, stratum functionalis has spiral arteries |
| the (straight/spiral) arteries degenerate and shed along with the endometrium during menestration | spiral |
| how long is the average uterine cycles | 28 days |
| the uterine cycle is in response to ____________________ | the uterine cycle is in response to hormones produced in the ovarian cycle |
| what are the three phases of the uterine cycle (in order) | menses phase, proliferative (preovulatory) phase, secretory (postovulatory) phase |
| in general, how long does the menses phase last | roughly 4-5 days |
| how long does the secretory phase last | constantly 14 days |
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kandriot
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