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Human Embryo
A&P II - Human Embryonic Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract | 48-72 hours |
| where does fertilization occur in the female | the ampulla of the fallopian tube |
| how long does it take for the sperm to travel to the location of fertilization (ampulla of fallopian tube) | 10 hours |
| how long is a oocyte fertile after ovulation | 24 hours |
| in order to penetrate the oocyte, the sperm must first penetrate the ____________ _________________ | corona radiata |
| what is the acrsome reaction | when enzymes digest barriers in the zona pellucida |
| what is the corona radiata ov the oocyte | the innermost layer of follicular cells that surround an oocyte in the fallopian tube |
| what is the zona pellucida | al layer of glycoproteins that surround the ovum |
| how does the fertilized ovum prevent other sperm from penetrating the zona pellucida (polyspermic fertilization) | cortical reaction |
| what is cortical reaction | the zona pellucida hardens itself to the incoming sperm helping to prevent polyspermic fertilization. |
| when does a oocyte become a zygote | a zygote is formed when the nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the oocyte combine |
| what is cleavage | the rapid mitotic cell division after the fertilization |
| what is the rapid mitotic cell division (without cell growth) that subdivides the cytoplasm of a zygote | cleavage |
| what are the daughter cells of cleavage called | blastomeres |
| the zona pellucida (remains around the entire group of dividing cells/remains around each individual cell ) | remains around the entire group of dividing cells |
| the morula occurs around day ______ after fertilization | three |
| the morula is a (solid ball/hollow sphere) of cells that occurs 3 days after fertilization | solid ball |
| what is the minimum number of cells in a morula | 16 |
| at about what day does the mortula hatch into a blastocyst | four or five |
| name the phase at which an embryo becomes a hollow, fluid-filled sphere | blastocyst |
| what are the three parts of a blastocyst | trophoblast, inner cells mass, blastocoele |
| what is the trophoblast | the outer layer of cells in a blastocyst |
| out of the three parts of the blastocyst, which one takes part in the placenta formation | trophoblast |
| out of the three parts of the blastocyst, which one takes part in the becomes the embryo | inner cell mass |
| out of the three parts of the blastocyst, what is the name of the fluid filled cavity | blastocoele |
| at about what days does implantation occur | day 6 or 7 |
| name the event when the trophoblast will adhere to the endometrium | implantation |
| during the implantation phase of pregnancy which way does the inner cell mass of a blastocyst face | towards the uterine wall |
| after implantation , the trophoblast cells proliferate and form what two distinct layers | syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast |
| what is the syncytotrophoblast | the cells on the perimeter of the trophoblast that are touching the endometrium |
| after implantation, what is the cytotrophoblast | the cells on the interior of the trophoblast that retain their cell boundaries |
| what cells create the finger-like extensions that help to anchor the blastocyst to the endometrium of the uterus | syncytiotrophoblast |
| the cells of the (syncytiotrophoblast/cytotrophoblast) have cytoplasm containing multiple nuclei | syncytiotrophoblast |
| name the enzyme that is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast | hyaluronidase |
| what is the function of hyaluronidase | erodes a path in the uterin endometrium |
| name the hormone secreted by the embryo after implantation | human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
| what is the function of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) | to maintain the viability of the corpus luteum , CL continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen |
| at what point does the placenta assume the role of progesterone and estrogen production | sometime between the second and third month |
| what are the extension of the cytotrophoblasts that are covered with syncytiotrophoblast that extend into the lacunae | chorionic villi |
| at about 3 months, maternal blood exchange occurs through what structures | chorionic villi |
| what structure of a blastocyst eventually forms into the embryonic disc | inner cell mass |
| what is the embryonic disc | when the inner cell mass organizes itself into two layers |
| name the two cell layers of the embryonic disc | ectoderm and endoderm |
| in the embryonic disc, which cell layer is closest to the attachment of the trophoblast | ectoderm |
| in the embryonic disc, which cell layer is closest to the blastocyst | endoderm |
| after implantation, the embryonic disc forms and moves away from the chorionic villi to form the ___________________ __________________ | amniotic cavity |
| name the fluid and membranes ill surround and cushion the developing embryo and fetus | amnion |
| the yolk sac and the amniotic cavity (are the same/art different) structures during early embryonic development | are different structures |
| when does the yolk sac begin to form | as the endodermal surround the outer edges of the blastocoele during implantation |
| gastrulation generally results in a third layer cells in the embryonic disk called | mesoderm |
| what is the primitive streak | raised dorsal grove that establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo |
| what phase of embryonic development sets the stage for organogenesis | gastrulation |
| what stage of embryo development leads to the formation of body organs | organogenesis |
| what two major things happen dring gastrulation | organogenesis and primitive streak |
| name the outpocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac | allantois |
| what forms the structural base for the umbilical cord | allantois |
| what membrane eventually becomes the urinary bladder | allantois |
| the ______________ eventually becomes the embryonic contribution to the placenta | chorion |
| chorion is derived from the trophoblasts and mesoderm lining and contains __________________ _________________ | chorionic vili |
| what are the functions of the primary germ layers | primitive tissues from which all body organs are derived |
| what does the endoderm eventually become | epithelial lining (including GI track, lower respiratory, urinary and all ducts) |
| what does the ectoderm eventually become | nervous system, skin, lining of mouth and anus, seneory organs (eyes and tongue) |
| what tissues does the mesoderm become | muscle, bone, cartilage, blood, kidneys, and other lining of body cavities |
| what bodily systems/organs have significantly formed after week 4 (or 1 month ) of fertilization | nervous, heart, body, placenta |
| at what point after fertilization does the embryo start receiving nutrients through the placenta | 28 days=4 weeks = 1 month |
| what two tissues combine to form the placenta | chorion (embryo) & stratums functionalis (uterus) |
| how is the placenta formed | chorionic villi extends into maternal blood filled intervillous spaces |
| meternal & fetal blood vessels (do/do not) join and their blood (does/does not) mix | maternal & fetal blood vessels DO NOT join and blood DOES NOT mix |
| what organ during pregnancy allows for diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes | placenta |
| what organ during pregnancy stores hormones and nutrients | placenta |
| what creates a barrier to microogranisms during pregnancy | placenta |
| what kind of microorganism are not kept out of the placenta during pregnancy | AIDS, measles, chicken pox, polio, and encephalitis |
| during pregnancy the umbilical vein carries _______________ (to/away from) the fetus | oxygenated/nutrient rich blood to the fetus from the placenta |
| during pregnancy the umbilical arteries carries _______________ (to/away from) the fetus | deoxygenated/nutrient poor blood from the fetus to the placenta |
| what is the funcion of the umbilical cord | connect embryo/fetus to the placenta |
| what does the umbilical cord contain | 2 arteries and one vein |
| name all the hormones that are produced by the placenta during pregnancy | human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human Placental Lactogen (hPL), Placental Prolactin, relaxin, progesterone and estrogen |
| what is the function of hCG in pregnancy | maintain integrity of corpus luteum and promotes secretion of progesterone |
| what is the fuctions of human placental lactogen and placental prolactin | prepare mammary glands for milk production |
| what is the main function of relaxin | relaxes connective tissue of pelvis and cervicx |
| what is a minor function of relaxin | supresses release of oxytocin by hypothalamus |
| what is the function of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy | maintain endometrial lining |
| what is normal fetal period begin | 9 weeks |
| what makes fetal period different from embryo period | have all major organs established, a time of growth |
| how long is gestation | 40 weeks from 1st day of last uterine cycle. |
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kandriot
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