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Rhetorical Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Audience | the person or people who are reading the text Example: The teacher's audience are the students |
| Concession | the acknowledgment of a point made by an opponent |
| Connotation | a feeling or idea that a reader associates with a word beyond it's actual meaning Example: There is a guest in my home. (positive) There is an intruder in my home. (negative) |
| Context | the circumstances, environment, background or setting that specifies the meaning of a text Example: words that help determine the tense of a word; the history surrounding a story |
| Counterargument | an argument put forward to oppose an idea developed in another argument Example: Argument: Having a pet reduces stress. Counterargument: having to care for a pet is stressful. |
| Ethos | a rhetorical appeal that a speaker uses to gain credibility and trust Example: As your doctor, I recommend that you use this medication. |
| Logos | a rhetorical appeal that uses logic, reason, statistics, and facts to persuade the audience Example: 95% of students passed all of their classes. |
| Occasion | the time and place a text was written or a speech was given Example: A speech given to someone on their birthday. (the occasion would be the birthday) |
| Pathos | a rhetorical appeal that appeals to the audience's emotions (values, hopes, fears). Example: He was diagnosed with a chronic illness, but that didn't stop him from living life to the fullest. |
| Persona | a mask that a speaker presents to his or her audience Example: A rich celebrity wanting to present his or her self as an average person. |
| Polemic | an aggressive argument; an argument that tries to be superior to all other opinions Example: an attack on someone's beliefs or opinions |
| Propaganda | information that is often misleading, such as rumors or lies, and is used to promote a cause Example: an advertisement to get people to fight in World War Two |
| Purpose | the intentions of the writer; the goal a speaker wants to achieve Example: to persuade, to entertain, to inform |
| Refutation | a statement that says another statement is false or not valid |
| Rhetoric | the art of persuasion |
| Rhetorical Appeals | devices used to persuade by talking about what they may find most important Examples: Logos, Pathos, Ethos |
| Rhetorical Triangle | a diagram that shows the relationship between the speaker, Audience, and subject |
| SOAPS | a device that helps to remember what makes up a rhetorical situation Stands for: Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker |
| Speaker | the person who creates a speech or text Example: the person giving the message |
| Subject | the topic in the text; what the text is about |
| Text | a product that can be observed and comprehended Example: written word, art, pictures, fashion, performances, |
| Alliteration | the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of twp or more words in a line Example: There was a big brown bear. |
| allusion | a reference to a person, place, or a work of art Example: |
| Anaphora | the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning multiple lines Example: THIS land, THIS home, THIS room... |
| Antimetabole | the repetition of a sentence in a reverse order Example: Ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country |
| Antithesis | contrast of ideas or words in a parallel construction Example: support any friend, oppose any enemy |
| Archaic diction | old-fashioned word choice Example: "shalt" "maketh" |
| Asyndeton | the absence of conjunctions between parts of a sentence Example: "I came. I saw." |
| Cumulative sentence | the main idea is stated at the beginning of a sentence and then builds and adds on as the sentence continues |
| Hortative sentence | exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action |
| Imperative sentence | issue a command or instruction, make a request, or offer advice |
| Inversion | normal order of words is reversed to achieve a particular effect Example: |
| Juxtaposition | placing things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences Example: All's fair in love and war. |
| Metaphor | comparing two things without using like or as. Example: The snow is a white blanket on the ground. |
| Oxymoron | juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict each other Example: alone together |
| Parallelism | balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure |
| Periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end |
| Personification | giving lifelike qualities to inanimate objects or ideas |
| Rhetorical question | figure of speech in the form of a question meant for rhetorical effect rather than getting an answer |
| Synedoche | figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole |
| Zeugma | use of two words in a grammatically similar way that produces different meanings |
| Chiasmus | reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses – but no repetition of words |
| Epistrophe | repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences |
| Hypophora | figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers the question |
| Apostrophe | a punctuation mark ( ’ ) used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers |
| Irony | what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case |
| Pun | (Paronomasia) a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect |
| Litotes | figure of speech and form of verbal irony in which understatement is used to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive, often incorporating double negatives for effect |
| Paradox | logical statement that seems to contradict itself |
Created by:
jennak_8
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