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CHAPTER 9
HEARING, VESTIBULAR, TASTE & SMELL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AMPLITUDE | The distance of particle movement in a defined period of time, usually measured as dynes per square centimeter. |
| AMPULLA | An enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system. |
| AMUSIA | A disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately. |
| ANOSMIA | The inability to smell. |
| AUDITORY BRAIN IMPLANT ABI | A type of auditory prosthesis in which implanted microphones directly stimulate the auditory nuclei of the brainstem rather than the cochlea. |
| BASILAR MEMBRANE | A membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction. |
| BINAURAL | Pertaining to two ears. |
| CENTRAL DEAFNESS | A hearing impairment that is related to lesions in auditory pathways or centers, including sites in the brainstem, thalamus, or cortex. |
| CILIUM | A hairlike extension |
| CIRCUMVALLATE | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the back, that contain taste receptors. |
| CHOCLEA | A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing. |
| COCHLEAR AMPLIFIER | The mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to “tune” the cochlea to be particularly sensitive to some frequencies more than others. |
| COCHLEAR IMPLANT | An electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes. |
| COCHLEAR NUCLEI | Brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex. |
| COINCIDENCE DETECTOR | A device that senses the co-occurence of two events. |
| CONDUCTIN DEAFNESS | A hearing impairment that is associated with pathology of the external-ear or middle-ear cavities. |
| CORTICAL DEAFNESS | A hearing impairment that is caused by a fault or defect in the cortex. |
| CUPULA | A small gelatinous column that forms part of the lateral-line system of aquatic animals and also occurs within the vestibular system of mammals. |
| DECIBEL dB | A measure of sound intensity. |
| DENDRITIC KNOB | A portion of olfactory receptor cells present in the olfactory epithelium. |
| DUPLEX THEORY | A theory of pitch perception that combines place theory and volley theory. |
| EXTERNAL EAR | The part of the ear that we readily see (the pinna) and the canal that leads to the eardrum. |
| FOLIATE PAPILLAE | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, that contain taste receptors. |
| FOURIER ANALYSIS | The analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves. |
| FREQUENCY | The number of cycles per second in a sound wave; measured in hertz (Hz). |
| FUNDAMENTAL | The predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene. |
| FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the front, that contain taste receptors. |
| GLOMERULUS | A complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells. |
| GUSTATORY SYSTEM | The taste system. |
| HAIR CELL | One of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. |
| HARMONICS | Multiples of a particular frequency called the fundamental. |
| HERTZ Hz | Cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus. |
| INCUS | Latin for anvil. A middle-ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes. |
| INFERIOR COLLICULI | Paired structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, caudal to the superior colliculi, that receive auditory information. |
| INFRASOUND | Very low frequency sound; in general, below the threshold for human hearing, at about 20 Hz. |
| INNER EAR | The cochlea and vestibular apparatus. |
| INNER HAIR CELL (IHC) | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. |
| INTENSITY DIFFERENCES | Perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to localize a sound source. |
| LABLED LINES | The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information. |
| LATENCY DIFFERENCES | Differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which can be employed by the nervous system to localize sound sources. |
| LATERAL-LINE SYSTEM | A sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface. |
| LOUDNESS | The subjective experience of the pressure level of a sound. |
| MALLEUS | Latin for hammer. A middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane. |
| MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEI | Nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculus and send output to the auditory cortex. |
| MIDDLE EAR | The cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea. |
| MINIMAL DISCRIMINABLE FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE | The smallest change in frequency that can be detected reliably between two tones. |
| MITRAL CELL | A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain. |
| MITRAL CELL | A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain. |
| MONAURAL | Pertaining to one ear. |
| MOTION SICKNESS | The experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in a car or boat. |
| OLFACTORY BULB | An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell. |
| OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM | A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities. |
| ORGAN OF CORTI | A structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve. |
| OSSICLES | Three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit sound across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. |
| OTOACOUSTIC EMISSION | A sound produced by the cochlea itself, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental noise. |
| otolith | A small bony crystal on the gelatinous membrane in the vestibular system. |
| ototoxic | Toxic to the ears, especially the middle or inner ear. |
| outer hair cell (OHC) | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. |
| oval window | The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear. |
| papilla | A small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue. Papillae contain most of the taste receptor cells. |
| pattern coding | Coding of information in sensory systems based on the temporal pattern of action potentials. |
| pheromone | A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species. |
| pinna | The external part of the ear. |
| pitch | A dimension of auditory experience in which sounds vary from low to high. |
| place theory | A theory of frequency discrimination stating that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound. |
| polymodal or multisensory | Involving several sensory modalities. |
| pure tone | A tone with a single frequency of vibration. |
| round window | A membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle-ear cavity. |
| saccule | A small, fluid-filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head. |
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