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Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?
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Tropic hormones
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HW/ ch 17
Anatomy and Physiology = Bio 2020; CH 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs? | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Tropic hormones | stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones. |
| Endocrine system characteristics | Communicates by means of hormones; Reacts more slowly to stimuli; May continue responding long after stimulus stops; Adapts relatively slowly |
| Nervous System characteristics | Communicates by means of electrical impulses; Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation |
| Endocrine System | Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution; Sometimes has very general effects |
| Nervous System | Releases neurotransmitters at synapses; Usually has relatively local, specific effects; Reacts quickly to stimuli; Stops quickly when stimulus stops |
| Endocrine glands secrete ___________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ___________. | hormones; target tissues |
| A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________. | molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones |
| Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system | may have a longer lasting effect. |
| Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. | True |
| In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous system. | False |
| The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream. | False |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. | False |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. | True |
| Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes. | True |
| Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production. | False |
| Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin. | True |
| Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people. | True |
| Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20. | False |
| The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called | pancreatic acini |
| Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion. | increase; decrease |
| Secretion of insulin causes | a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose. |
| Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas |
| The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete | glucagon. |
| One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis. | True |
| TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4. | False |
| TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary. | True |
| TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland. | True |
| Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. | True |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion. | True |
| T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles. | False |
| T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells. | True |
| T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin. | True |
| The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the | thyroid gland |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________. | gigantism; pituitary dwarfism |
| The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________. | inferior; isthmus |
| The _______ secretes triiodothyronine. | thyroid gland |
| Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to | conserve sodium and excrete potassium. |
| The adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse. | hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism |
| Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone? | GHIH |
| Pituitary | TRH; GHRH; CRH; GnRH |
| Mammary Gland | PRL |
| Testis/Ovaries | LH; FSH |
| Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone | GH; IGF |
| Thyroid | TSH |
| Adrenal Cortex | ACTH |
| Produced by the Hypothalamus | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; Corticotropin-releasing hormone; Growth hormone-releasing hormone |
| Produced by the Anterior Pituitary | Follicle-stimulating hormone; Thyroid-stimulating hormone(thyrotropin); Growth hormone |
| Hypothalamic Hormones | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone; Prolactin-inhibiting hormone; Somatostatin |
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones | Luteinizing hormone; Adrenocorticotropic hormone; Prolactin |
| Hypothalamus | PIH; Somatostatin |
| Posterior Pituitary | ADH |
| Anterior Pituitary | TSH; ACTH; PRL |
| Hypothalamus | TRH; CRH; GnRH |
| Posterior Pituitary | OT |
| Anterior Pituitary | GH; FSH; LH |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the | posterior pituitary. |
| Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of | negative feedback inhibition. |
| Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the | hypothalamus. |
| Target cells for releasing hormones are in the | anterior pituitary gland. |
| ADH and oxytocin are secreted by | neurosecretory cells. |
| The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones. | False |
| Up regulation | In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of; Greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release; Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training |
| Down regulation | In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of; Decreased sensitivity; Decreased response to an increase in hormone; Decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels |
| Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone? | Steroid hormone |
| The parathyroid glands are located on the ____________ surface of the thyroid gland. | Posterior |
| Hormones display ________________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. | permissive.Permissive effects occur when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. |
| _________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. | Lipid-soluble; water-soluble |
| Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers. | autocrine, paracrine |
| An up-regulated cell has an increase in | the number of receptors available for binding |
| Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to | prolonged increase in the level of a hormone |
| A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a | long half-life |
| The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is | melatonin |
| What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood? | Humoral stimulation |
| Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered _____________ hormones. | Protein |
| Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules of which the primary type are called | eicosanoids |
| ___________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind and bind to cellular receptors. | Unbound (free) |
| Hormone __________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells | elimination |
| After eating a meal, blood sugar levels | increase |
| Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to | return to about normal |
| In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because | no insulin is released |
| In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because | muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal |
| The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes | insulin |
| Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to | return to about normal |
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svalde1907
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