Anatomy and Physiology = Bio 2020; CH 17
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| Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs? | Follicle-stimulating hormone
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| Tropic hormones | stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
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| Endocrine system characteristics | Communicates by means of hormones; Reacts more slowly to stimuli; May continue responding long after stimulus stops; Adapts relatively slowly
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| Nervous System characteristics | Communicates by means of electrical impulses; Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
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| Endocrine System | Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution; Sometimes has very general effects
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| Nervous System | Releases neurotransmitters at synapses; Usually has relatively local, specific effects; Reacts quickly to stimuli; Stops quickly when stimulus stops
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| Endocrine glands secrete ___________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ___________. | hormones; target tissues
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| A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________. | molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
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| Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system | may have a longer lasting effect.
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| Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. | True
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| In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous system. | False
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| The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream. | False
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| Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. | False
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| Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. | True
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| Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes. | True
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| Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production. | False
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| Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin. | True
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| Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people. | True
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| Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20. | False
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| The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called | pancreatic acini
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| Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion. | increase; decrease
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| Secretion of insulin causes | a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
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| Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas
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| The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete | glucagon.
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| One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis. | True
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| TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4. | False
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| TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary. | True
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| TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland. | True
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| Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. | True
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion. | True
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| T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles. | False
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| T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells. | True
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| T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin. | True
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| The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the | thyroid gland
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| Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________. | gigantism; pituitary dwarfism
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| The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________. | inferior; isthmus
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| The _______ secretes triiodothyronine. | thyroid gland
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| Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to | conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
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| The adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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| An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse. |
hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
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| Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone? | GHIH
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| Pituitary | TRH; GHRH; CRH; GnRH
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| Mammary Gland | PRL
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| Testis/Ovaries | LH; FSH
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| Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone | GH; IGF
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| Thyroid | TSH
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| Adrenal Cortex | ACTH
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| Produced by the Hypothalamus | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; Corticotropin-releasing hormone; Growth hormone-releasing hormone
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| Produced by the Anterior Pituitary | Follicle-stimulating hormone; Thyroid-stimulating hormone(thyrotropin); Growth hormone
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| Hypothalamic Hormones | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone; Prolactin-inhibiting hormone; Somatostatin
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| Anterior Pituitary Hormones | Luteinizing hormone; Adrenocorticotropic hormone; Prolactin
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| Hypothalamus | PIH; Somatostatin
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| Posterior Pituitary | ADH
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| Anterior Pituitary | TSH; ACTH; PRL
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| Hypothalamus | TRH; CRH; GnRH
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| Posterior Pituitary | OT
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| Anterior Pituitary | GH; FSH; LH
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the | posterior pituitary.
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| Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of | negative feedback inhibition.
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| Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the | hypothalamus.
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| Target cells for releasing hormones are in the | anterior pituitary gland.
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| ADH and oxytocin are secreted by | neurosecretory cells.
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| The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones. | False
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| Up regulation | In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of; Greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release; Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training
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| Down regulation | In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of; Decreased sensitivity; Decreased response to an increase in hormone; Decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels
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| Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone? | Steroid hormone
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| The parathyroid glands are located on the ____________ surface of the thyroid gland. | Posterior
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| Hormones display ________________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. | permissive.Permissive effects occur when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later.
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| _________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. | Lipid-soluble; water-soluble
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| Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers. | autocrine, paracrine
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| An up-regulated cell has an increase in | the number of receptors available for binding
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| Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to | prolonged increase in the level of a hormone
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| A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a | long half-life
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| The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is | melatonin
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| What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood? | Humoral stimulation
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| Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered _____________ hormones. | Protein
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| Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules of which the primary type are called | eicosanoids
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| ___________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind and bind to cellular receptors. | Unbound (free)
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| Hormone __________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells | elimination
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| After eating a meal, blood sugar levels | increase
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| Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to | return to about normal
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| In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because | no insulin is released
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| In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because | muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal
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| The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes | insulin
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| Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to | return to about normal
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