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KIN 3600
lec 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Altitude effect on Partial Pressure of gases | -Concentration of gasses remains the same -Partial pressure of the gases decreases due to the decrease in the Barometric Pressure (PB) -Respiratory gases remain the same in Mount Everest |
| ^ total pressure | ^ partial pressure |
| v O2 | v PO2 |
| how is CO2 transport in blood? | - Dissolved in plasma water - 10 % - Carbaminohemoglobin (Hb + CO2) - 20 % - Bicarbonate ions in plasma - 70 % |
| Carbonic Anhydrase | -^ rate 5000 folds -Dissolves in H2O -Chlorine moves in -Inactivation involves severe acidosis |
| Control of respiration | -Control of respiration -Geared to maintain homeostasis of arterial pH, PCO2, and PO2 |
| Where is the Respiratory control center | located in the Medulla and Ponds area of the brain stem |
| DRNG | Dorsal Respiratory Neuronal Group -Inspiratory Center |
| VRNG | Ventral Respiratory Neuronal Group -Expiratory Center |
| What does Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers regulate | depth and frequency of breathing |
| The regulatory mechanisms (2) | Humoral (blood- born) regulation Neural regulation |
| Central chemosensitive | Sensitive to pH of CSF (^ acidity) |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors | -Carotid bodies -Aortic bodies -Metaboreceptors in muscles |
| Carotid bodies | sensitive to pH & temperature of the arterial blood, blood pressure, & indirectly, to PCO2 |
| Aortic bodies | Same as Carotid bodies: sensitive to pH & temperature of the arterial blood, blood pressure, & indirectly, to PCO2 |
| Metaboreceptors in muscles | sensitive to muscle interstitial fluid pH and K+ concentration |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive | sensitive to Po2 only if arterial PO2 drops well below the normal levels, below 60 – 75 mmHg |
| Neural regulation | -Peripheral -Central direct |
| Peripheral | -Muscle spindles -G.T.O. -Joint receptor -Ligament receptors -Lung stretch receptors -Right atrial stretch receptors |
| Central direct control | - Stimulation of the respiratory center locate in medulla oblongata and pons area of the brain along with the stimulation of skeletal muscles – co-stimulation |
| Regulation of ventilation during rest | chemical control |
| Regulation of ventilation during exercise | neural control at the beginning, chemical control during steady state -Direct central drive from the motor cortex – both the skeletal muscles and the respiratory centers are co-stimulated |
| Exercise Induced Asthma | Enhanced sensitivity of bronchiolar smooth muscle to temperature |
| What Exercise Induced Asthma | -Temp v = bronchiolar constriction (narrowing) -Cooling of the airways due to the enhanced ventilation -Bronchoconstriction -Increased airway resistance 0Difficulty of breathing |
| Exercise induced asthma Recommendations: | -Do not exercise in cold and dry conditions -Do not exercise during smoggy and dusty conditions -Take normal doses of bronchodilator drugs before, during and/or after the exercise |
| Valsalva Maneuver | -Pushing when constipated -Weight lifters -Force output |
Created by:
rmart11
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