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KIN 3600
lec 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Angiogenesis | the development of new blood vessels |
| Several factors contribute to gradation of force | -Gradual recruitment of motor units into action -Gradual increase in the force output of individual motor units already recruited into action |
| stronger is the stimulus intensity descending from brain motor cortex ... | -the higher is the frequency of action potentials -greater is the number of α-motoneurons stimulated -larger is the number of motor units contracting -the larger is the developed force |
| With progressive increments in the stimulus intensity... | -progressively larger and larger α-motoneurons are stimulated - progressively larger and larger motor units are recruited into action -resulting in an exponential increase in the force output. |
| Gradual change in motor unit profile from SO to FG | results in gradual increase in force output with the recruitment of progressively larger motor units |
| With progressive increments in the stimulus intensity from motor cortex to the α-motoneuronal pool of a muscle | -results in a gradual increase in the firing frequency of the α-motoneurons -resulting in a gradual increase in the force output of the recruited motor units (rate coding) |
| Rate Coding | associate with the increase in Ca++ concentration of the sarcoplasm |
| Specific training increases what? | anaerobic or aerobic capacity of both muscle fiber types |
| Type IIx --> IIa | strength and endurance training |
| Type IIa --> I | extensive endurance training |
| Specific training may also alter what? | the muscle fiber types for as long as the training continues |
| Endurance training | increases capillary density and Cap/MF ratio of muscles by about 30 to 40 % in both muscle fiber types. |
| High resistance strength training | actually decreases - capillary density because the hypertrophy of fibers is not accompanied by the increase in the number of capillaries. -Capillary/Muscle fiber ratio remains the same. |
| Body building and lower resistance strength training | capillary density remains unchanged - because the hypertrophy is accompanied by the increase in the number of capillaries per fiber (30% increase in diameter and 30 % increase in the number of capillaries/fiber) -Capillary/Muscle fiber ratio increases. |
| Increase in muscular strength is due to two factors | Anatomical Factor Neural factors |
| Anatomical Factor | -Hypertrophy of individual muscle fibers due to the ^increase in the # of myofibrils within each muscle fiber -No hyperplasia in humans |
| Neural factors : central NS | Greater synchronization of motor unit actions: -Decreased stimulation threshold of α-motoneurons -Possible increased discharge frequency of motoneurons located in the brain cortex -Decreased central inhibition |
| Neural factors : peripheral NS | -Decreased inhibition from Golgi Tendon Organs -Enhanced stimulation from muscle spindles |
| Main Function of Pulmonary System | Provide Interface for Gas Exchange |
| what does the Pulmonary System maintain & regulate | Acid-Base Balance and regulate Blood Pressure |
| what does Pulmonary System provide | Evaporative Cooling of Body |
| Type II alveolar cells | produce surfactant which reduces the surface tension of water lining the alveolar walls |
| External respiration | – gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries – venous blood is converted to arterial blood |
| Internal respiration | - gas exchange between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissues cells – arterial blood is converted to venous blood -Gas exchange takes place in less than 1 second |
| Conducting Zone | – Anatomic Dead Space – no gas exchange takes place |
| Conducting Zone function | -Conduction air from atmosphere to alveoli -Humidification of the air -Warming of the air -Filtration of the air -Detoxification of the air |
| Respiratory Zone | Gas Exchange |
| Respiratory Zone composed of | -Respiratory bronchioles -Alveolar ducts -Alveolar sacks -Alveoli |
| Respiratory membrane | Two cell thick membrane - alveolar and pulmonary capillary walls thickness - 0.2-0.5μm |
Created by:
rmart11
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