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Chapter 3
Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organelles | specialized structures within the cytoplasm |
| Cell Interior | surrounded by plasma membrane |
| Plasma Membrane | Forms outer boundary of cell; composed of thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids; embedded with proteins |
| Cytoplasm | all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane |
| Cytoskeleton | internal framework of cell |
| Ribosomes | manufactures proteins and enzymes; made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA; may attach to rough ER of lie free in cytoplasm |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | network of connecting sacs and canals; carry substances through cytoplasm; rough ER collects, folds and transports proteins made by ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | [chemical processing center]; group of flattened sacs near nucleus |
| Mitochondria | [power plant of the cell]; involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions |
| Lysosomes | membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes; have protective function (eat microbes) |
| Centrioles | paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other within the centrosome and function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction |
| Microvilli | short extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell |
| Cilia | short extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell |
| Flagella | single projections (much longer than cilia) that act as “tails” of sperm cells |
| Nucleus | controls cell because it contains most of the genetic code; DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division |
| Passive Transport | do not require added energy and result in movement “down a concentration gradient” |
| Active Transport | occur only in living cells; movement (Energy) of substances is “up the concentration gradient”; this requires energy from ATP |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane) (water going from one side to the other to even out) |
| Filtration | diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane) (water going from one side to the other to even out) |
| Phagocytosis | (“cell eating”)—engulfs large particles in a vesicle as a protective mechanism; destroys bacteria or debris from tissue damage |
| Pinocytosis | (“cell drinking”)—engulfs fluids or dissolved substances into cells |
| Cell Division | reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm |
| Mitosis | process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides; enables cells to reproduce their own kind; makes heredity possible |
| Stages of Cell Division | Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase |
| Prophase | first stage |
| Metaphase | second stage |
| Anaphase | third stage |
| Telophase | fourth stage |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body and lines body cavities |
| Connective Tissue | Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and functions |
| Areolar Tissue | fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organs together; collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types |
| Adipose Tissue | lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat |
| Reticular Tissue | delicate net of collagen fibers, as in bone marrow |
| Dense Fibrous Tissue | bundles of strong collagen fibers; example is tendon |
| Bone Tissue | matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection |
| Cartilage Tissue | matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type |
| Blood Tissue | matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary; control is voluntary; striations apparent when viewed under a microscope |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | also called striated involuntary; composes heart wall; ordinarily cannot control contractions |
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | also called non striated (visceral) or involuntary; no cross striations; found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs |
| Nervous Tissue | rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions |
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TheLifeOfMJ
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