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Male Reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does sperm start? Move to? End up? | starts: outside the body Goes: inside the body Ends: back outside the body (before enters female) |
| Do we do asexual reproduction? | no; only sexual |
| What are gametes? | sex cells: sperm and ova |
| Were combining genes through what process? | meiosis |
| What makes reproductive system unique? | only system in the body that doesn't become fully functional until puberty |
| What are gonads? | sex organs: testes and ovaries |
| 2 primary organs of the reproductive system: | gametes and gonads |
| secondary organs of male reproductive system: | ducts, glands, and penis |
| Where do sperm and egg meet? | fallopian tube |
| What is the difference between ovaries and testes? | they're the same till testosterone hits then it's just location; they're both making things for reproductive function |
| What does scrotum mean? | bag |
| What divides the interior into two sacks? | scrotal septum |
| What does the scrotal septum divide? | One testis, one epidymis, and the testicular end of the spermatic chord |
| What does the scrotal septum do for testis? | prevent the spread of infection from one testis to another |
| Optimum sperm production happens at what temperature? | 2-3 Degrees cooler than optimum body temperature |
| Muscles that lift the scrotum when it's cold: | cremaster and dartos |
| What is Tunica the vaginalis? | parietal and visceral layer with cavity |
| What is the Tunica albuginea? | white fibrous capsule around testis |
| What are the lobules formed by? | in folding of tunica albuginea |
| How many lobules in each testis? | 200-300 |
| What two things do the lobules contain? | seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells |
| What is the analogy for testicles: | each lobule is an apartment and it has a nursery called a seminiferous tubule that is busy making sperm; it also has a Leydig cell in the outside wall (electric unit) of the seminiferous tubule that feeds the baby/sperm testosterone (pushes through) |
| Where are sperm produced? | seminiferous tubules |
| term for making sperm: | spermatogenesis |
| How many coiled tubules in each lobule? | 1-3 |
| What allows sperm to exit? | closed loops that open at the top |
| What happens to newly formed sperm? | they are drained into the rete testis through a short straight tube |
| How many seminiferous tubules per testis? | 400-600 |
| What is the source of testosterone in males? | Leydig cells |
| What is the formal name for testosterone? | androgens |
| Where does spermatogenesis happen? | the seminiferous tubules |
| Where are Leydig cells? | in the walls of the seminiferous tubules |
| Where is the other source of testosterone? | adrenal medulla |
| What week does testosterone increase/hit? | 7th week |
| What are spermatozoa? | sperm |
| What are spermatogonia? | stem cells; germ cells that pass on genetic info to the next generation |
| Where are spermatogonia? | basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules |
| What type of cells undergo meiosis? What happens during this process? | spermatogonia; reducing # of chromosomes from 46 to 23 per cell |
| What (other than the number of chromosomes) does meiosis also ensure? | that half the sperm will contain X, and half the sperm will contain Y |
| Order sperm development from spermatogonia to sperm: | spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, sperm |
| What are the 2 pathways for testosterone? | 1- through the walls of the seminiferous tubule (from Leydig cell in that wall) to feed the baby sperm 2- through the testicular vein to feed the rest of the body (where most of it goes) |
| What is the covering of the spermatic chord called? | sheath |
| What 4 things are in the ductus deferens? | Ductus (vas) deferens, Autonomic nerves, testicular artery, testicular vein (Vas def. + NAV complex) |
| What is the ductus vas deferens in the spermatic chord for? | tranfering sperm towards the urethra |
| What are autonomic nerves in the spermatic chord for? | peristalsis of sperm and sensation |
| What is the testicular artery in spermatic chord for? | carry O2 and nutrients to the testes and epididymis |
| What is the plexus of testicular veins called? | pampiniform plexus |
| What do the testicular veins do? | carrying deoxygenated blood to IVC and transporting testosterone from Leydig cells to all body tissues |
| What is varicocele? | failure of the valve for the testicular vein |
| What is varicocele also called? | "bag of worms" |
| Leydig cells are also called what? | interstitial cells |
| Spermatic chord is the way to get to the... | testicle |
| Enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is called? | varicocele |
| What is hypospadias? | When the opening of the urethra doesn't close, has to be repaired |
| Difference between fallopian tube and spermatic chord: | the spermatic chord has ductus deferens to transport sperm while the fallopian tubes are themselves the tube (both have NAV) |
| What is a highly effective form of male birth control? | vasectomy |
| What happens during a vasectomy? | Small section of ductus (vas) deferens removed from spermatic cord before it enters pelvic cavity |
| T/F: a man can not have kids right after a vasectomy- | false, they can for about 3 months because there are sperm still in the bottom of the spermatic chord to be ejaculated |
| Is a vasectomy permanent? | yes |
| Does a vasectomy increase or decrease testosterone? | increase! more testosterone for the vein- to the body now |
| How many sperm are produced each day by the testes? | 300 million? |
| What is in the head of the sperm? | Nucleus, acrosome, and 23 chromosomes |
| What's in the acrosome? | enzymes needed to pass through cervical mucous and break down the covering of the egg |
| What is contained in the body of sperm? | packed with mitochondria for locomotive energy |
| Describe the tail of sperm: | contractile filaments move in a whip like fashion |
| What is known as the Jr. Testes | Rete testes |
| What is the function of Rete Testes? | Collecting chambers for sperm (partially mature then head to Epididymis) |
| What happens in the Epididymis? | tube that connects the testicle to the vas deferens; sperm mature 14 days (high school) here then can wait 40-60 to be either ejaculated or reabsorbed if not ejaculated |
| Where is the final stage of sperm maturation? What is the medical term for this? | in the female- bc of the change in temp. ("early 20s"); capacitation |
| What is the tube which receives sperm from the Epididymis? | ductus deferens |
| the ductus deferens is in the what? | spermatic chord |
| where does the vas deferens end? | behind the bladder |
| ductus deferens widens into a what where sperm collect right before ejaculation? | ampulla |
| Why does the ductus deferens have a muscular wall? | so you can use peristalsis to move the sperm during sexual arousal |
| what does vas deferens merge with? | seminal vesicle duct (forming ejaculatory duct) |
| How are the Ejaculatory ducts formed? | Formed by joining of ductus (vas) deferens and seminal vesicle |
| Just before ejaculation occurs, what do the ejaculatory ducts do? | eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions together into prostatic urethra |
| the urethra is a type of what? | sphincter |
| 2 sections of the urethra: | prostatic and spongy or penile urethra |
| describe prostatic urethra:Seme | section which passes through prostate gland |
| describe spongy (penile) urethra | from bulb of penis to external urethral orifice at end of penis; surrounded by erectile tissue |
| Where are the seminal vesicles? | base of the bladder (one for each of the ductus deferens) |
| Describe seminal vesicles: | ejaculate thick, yellowish fluid; 60% of semen; contains fructose (energy source for sperm); contains clotting factor (think HONEY) |
| Why is there clotting factor in seminal vesicles? | so that sperm stays in the vagina |
| Where is the prostate gland? | encircles urethra and ejaculatory duct |
| What does the prostate gland secrete? | thin milky fluid that is 30% of semen (contains citric acid) |
| What is bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland for? | secretes mucous for lubricant during intercourse and neutralizes acid (urine would injure sperm) |
| What is benign prostatic Hyperplasia? BPH | Prostate grows till 30, goes to sleep for 15 years, then starts growing again at age 45: this causes compression of urethra, difficult to pass urine, causes urinary retention |
| What happens at the prostatic urethra? | both sperm and urine have to pass through to get out the door |
| What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type in American men? | prostate cancer |
| What is the 2nd leading cause of cancer death? | prostate cancer |
| T/F: Prostate cancer has a high early detection rate and high survival rate: | True |
| What causes prostate cancer? | When the prostate cells are growing and one of the cells gets a mutation |
| Semen consists of what three things? | seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral (cowper's glands) |
| What does each ejaculate contain? | 2.5-5 mls of semen; 100 million sperm per mls |
| 3 parts to the Penis: | Root, body, glans penis |
| What part of the penis is the root? | inmost part |
| What part of the penis is the body? | shaft |
| What part of the penis is the glans penis? | tip/head |
| Describe the body of the penis: | it contains three cylinders of erectile tissue each surrounded by a fibrous sheath |
| 5 columns of the body: | corpora cavernosa (2 one on either side) and corpus spongiosum (middle) |
| What forms the glans penis? | enlargement of the corpus spongiosum at the end |
| Where is the urethra? | Runs through the corpus spongiosum |
| What happens to the penis during sexual arousal? | these tissues fill with blood causing the penis to become erect |
| What is the opening at the end of the glans penis called? | External urethral orifice |
| What part of the penis contains the foreskin? | glans penis |
| Other than for religious reasons, why would the foreskin need to be removed? | May be too tight or develop repeated infections and need surgical removal (circumcision) |
| What is Tumescence? | Erection |
| Erectile tissue is made of what? | corpora cavernosa, and corpus spongiosum |
| During arousal, what nervous system causes the sinuses to fill with blood? | parasympathetic (increasing size and stiffness) |
| What happens to arteries and veins during arousal? | Arteries dialate and veins (drainage) constrict |
| What is erection necessary for? | vaginal pennetration |
| Annalogy for what nervous system allows what function? | Point and Shoot: (Parasympathetic=erection Sympathetic= ejaculation) |
| What happens during Emission? | sperm moves from testes to prostatic urethra |
| What happens during Ejaculation? | sperm is ejected from prostatic and membranous urethras to penile urethra to outside |
| During sex, masturbation, or nocturnally can one or both erection and ejaculation occur? | both |
| Until what age are testosterone levels high? | 50 |
| What causes early genital tissue to produce testosterone? | Y chromosome |
| What causes testes to descend? | fetal testosterone |
| What happens to men at age 50? | andropause |
| What are the 2 hormones that both men and women have that are introduced during puberty? | FSH and LH (follicle stimulating and luteinizing) |
| Primary sex characteristics: | penis, testes, scrotum |
Created by:
smhoffman
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