Question 1

Conquistador

Accepted Answer

A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors who conquered Mexico and Peru in the 16th century

Question 2

Hernan Cortes

Accepted Answer

Spanish conquistador (1485-1547)
Led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico

Question 3

the great dying

Accepted Answer

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas

Question 4

Dona Marina

Accepted Answer

Native American slave from an elite background who
in 1519 became Cortes’ indispensable interpreter and
strategist.
She bore him a son.
After the conquest, she was married off to another
conquistador, dying around 1530 CE.

Question 5

Columbian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The massive
transatlantic interaction
and exchange between
the Americas and
Afro-Eurasia that began
in the period of
European exploration
and colonization.

Named after Christopher
Columbus

Question 6

Peninsulares

Accepted Answer

In the Spanish colonies of Latin America,
the term used to refer to people who had
been born in Spain; they claimed
superiority over Spaniards born in the
Americas.

Question 7

Creole

Accepted Answer

People of pure European blood -
usually from Spain –
but born in the Americas/ “New
World”
Second most powerful/ influential
class in Spanish colonies

Question 8

Mestizo

Accepted Answer

Literally, “mixed”

- A term used to describe the
mixed –race population of Spanish
colonial societies in the Americas

Question 9

Mulattoes

Accepted Answer

Term commonly used for people of
mixed African and European blood

Question 10

Plantation complex

Accepted Answer

Agricultural system based on
African slavery that was used
in Brazil, the Caribbean, & the
southern colonies of North
America.

Question 11

Settler colonies

Accepted Answer

Colonies in which the colonizing
people settled in large numbers,
rather than simply sending relatively
small numbers to exploit the region;
particularly noteworthy in the case of
the British colonies in North America.
– “here to live, here to stay”

Question 12

Siberia

Accepted Answer

Russia’s great
frontier region, a
vast territory of
what is now
central & eastern
Russia, most of it
unsuited to
agriculture but
rich in mineral
resources and
fur-bearing
animals.

Question 13

yasak

Accepted Answer

Tribute that Russian
rulers demanded
from the native
peoples of Siberia,
most often in the
form of furs

Question 14

Qing dynasty

Accepted Answer

Ruling dynasty of
China from 1644 –
1912

These rulers were
originally from
Manchuria, which
had conquered
China.
Last Dynasty of China

Question 15

Mughal Empire

Accepted Answer

One of the most
successful empires of
India

State founded by Muslim
Turks who invaded India
in 1526

Their rule was noted for
efforts to create
partnerships between
Hindus & Muslims

Question 16

Akbar
(pron. AHK-bar)

Accepted Answer

The most famous emperor of
India’s Mughal Empire (r.
1556-1605); his policies are
noted for their efforts at religious
tolerance and inclusion.

Question 17

Aurangzeb
(pron. ow-rang-ZEB)

Accepted Answer

Mughal emperor

(r. 1658-1707)

Reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance
and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy

Question 18

Ottoman Empire

Accepted Answer

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to
include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North
Africa

Question 19

Constantinople, 1453

Accepted Answer

Capital and almost the only outpost left of the
Byzantine Empire

Fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II “the
Conqueror” in 1453, an event that marked the end of
Christian Byzantium

Question 20

devshirme

Accepted Answer

The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks
levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans

The Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil
administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

Question 21

Vasco Da
Gama

Accepted Answer

Led the first
European expedition
around the Cape of
Good Hope in 1497
Sighted and named
Natal (South Africa)
on Christmas Day
before crossing the
Indian Ocean
Arrived in Calicut
(present day
Kozhikode) in 1498

Question 22

Condiments

Accepted Answer

any spice used to flavor food

cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves

above all; pepper

referred to as aphrodisiacs

Question 23

Preservatives

Accepted Answer

Substance added to products such as
foods, medication, paint, biological
samples,
beverages, etc
Used to prevent decompositional
microbial growth or undesirable
chemical changes
Common example would be salt; used
for preserving food (ex: meat)

Question 24

Aphrodisiac

Accepted Answer

A food, drink, or drug that stimulates sexual desire

Question 25

medicinal

Accepted Answer

Of a substance or
plant
Having healing properties
Pepper,
chocolate and
bananas are
examples

Question 26

Monopoly

Accepted Answer

The exclusive
possession or
control of the
supply of trade in a
commodity or
service.

Question 27

Indian Ocean Commercial Network

Accepted Answer

Massive, interconnected web of
commerce in premodern times

East Africa, India, Southeast Asia

Badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around
1500

Question 28

Trading Post

Accepted Answer

Form of
imperial
dominance
based on
control of
trade, rather
than on the
control of
subject people

Question 29

Philippines

(Spanish)

Accepted Answer

Named after Philip II

Colonized after the Spanish beginning

Used as the second Trading Post Empire

Spanish takeover resulted in widespread
Christianity conversions

Remained a colony until 1900

Question 30

British/Dutch East India

Companies

Accepted Answer

Private trading companies

Chartered by the governments
of England and the Netherlands
around 1600

Were given
monopolies on
Indian Ocean
Trade

Included the
right to make
war and to
rule people

Question 31

Tokugawa

Shogunate

Accepted Answer

Japanese ruling dynasty

that strove to

isolate

itself from foreign
influences

Question 32

“Silver
Drain”

Accepted Answer

The trade of silver to China in exchange for
Chinese goods
Eventually all the silver was going to China.

Question 33

Potosi

Accepted Answer

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining
centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish
America.

Question 34

“Soft Gold”

Accepted Answer

Nickname used in the early modern period for
animal furs

Highly valued for their warmth and as symbols
of elite status

Fur trade generated massive wealth for those
involved in it, in several regions

Question 35

African
Diaspora

Accepted Answer

Name given to the spread of African slave peoples across the
Atlantic, via the slave trade

Question 36

Olaudah
Equiano

(c. 1745)

Accepted Answer

Known in his
lifetime as
Gustavus Vassa

African in London

A freed slave who
supported the British
movement to end the
slave trade

Question 37

The Middle
Passage

Accepted Answer

The sea journey
undertaken by
slave ships from
West Africa to
the West Indies

Question 38

Dahomey

Accepted Answer

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers’ exploitation of
the slave trade

Question 39

Benin

Accepted Answer

West African kingdom

in what is now Nigeria

whose strong kings sharply limited
engagement with the slave trade

Question 40

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo

Accepted Answer

Sold into slavery in West Africa and transported to work on a plantation in Maryland in 1730, this well-educated Muslim became a celebrity in England because of his life story. He returned to his home in West Arica in 1734 after he got his freedom.

Question 41

Globalization

Accepted Answer

Process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment, and aided by
information technology.

Question 42

Protestant Reformation

Accepted Answer

A religious
movement in the
1500s that split the
Roman Catholic
church and led to
the establishment
of a number of new
churches

Question 43

Martin Luther

Accepted Answer

1483-1546

German monk whose
protests against the
Catholic Church in 1517
(95 Theses) led to calls
for reform and to the
movement known as the
Reformation

“main mover and shaker”

Question 44

Ninety-Five Theses

Accepted Answer

List of grievances
penned by Martin
Luther and said to
have been pubilcly
posted on the
doors of the
Wittenberg Church
in 1517

Question 45

Indulgences

Accepted Answer

Pardons issued by the
pope of the Roman
Catholic Church that
could reduce a soul’s
time in purgatory

When sold in the 1400s
and 1500s, it led to
corruption, controversy,
and the Reformation.

Question 46

Salvation

Accepted Answer

Eternal life

Heaven

Question 47

Schism

Accepted Answer

Split or division between
strongly opposed
sections or parties,
caused by differences in
opinion or belief

The formal separation of
a church into two
churches or the secession
of a group owing to
doctrinal or other
differences

Question 48

Catholic Counter
Reformation

Accepted Answer

An internal reform of the
Catholic Church in the 16th
century;

Thanks especially to the
Council of Trent (1545-1563),
Catholic leaders clarified
doctrine, corrected abuses and
corruption, and put a new
emphasis on education and
accountability.

Question 49

Taki Onqoy

Accepted Answer

Literally, “dancing sickness”

A religious revival movement in
central Peru in the 1560s whose
members preached the imminent
destruction of Christianity and of
the Europeans in favor of a
renewed Andean Age

Question 50

Ursula de Jesus

Accepted Answer

Slave and later religious lay
woman at the Peruvian
Convent of Santa Clara
A lucky escape inspired her to
pursue a pious life of
mortification and good words
gaining a reputation as a
woman of extraordinary
devotion as well
as a mystic

Question 51

Jesuits

Accepted Answer

aka “Society of Jesus”

Catholic missionary
order

Founded by Ignatius
of Loyola

Part of the Catholic
Counter Reformation

Question 52

Wahhabi(wah-HAB-ee)Islam

Accepted Answer

Major Islamic movement led by
the Muslim theologian Abd
al-Wahhab (1703-1792)

Advocated an austere lifestyle
and strict adherence to Islamic
law

Question 53

kaozheng

Accepted Answer

Literally, “research based
on evidence”

Chinese intellectual
movement whose
practitioners emphasized
the importance of
evidence and analysis

Applied especially to
historical documents

Question 54

Mirabai (MIR-ah-bye)

Accepted Answer

One of India’s
most beloved
bhakti poets

(1498-1547)

Helped break
down the barriers
of caste and
tradition

Question 55

Sikhism

Accepted Answer

Religious tradition of
northern India

Founded by Guru Nanak ca.
1500

Combines elements of
Hinduism and Islam

Proclaims the brotherhood of
ALL humans AND the
equality of men and women

Question 56

Nicolaus Copernicus

Accepted Answer

Polish
mathematician and
astronomer

1473-1543

Was the first to
argue for the
existence of a
heliocentric
cosmos

Question 57

Isaac Newton

Accepted Answer

English scientist

1643-1727

Formulated laws of
motion and mechanics

Findings are
considered the
culmination of the
Scientific Revolution

Question 58

European Enlightenment

Accepted Answer

European intellectual movement
of the eighteenth century (1700s)

Question 59

Philosophes

Accepted Answer

The philosophes were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, etc

Question 60

Voltaire

Accepted Answer

a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.

Question 61

condorcet and the idea of progress

Accepted Answer

The Marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher and scientist who argued human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability with human trials swept away by the triumph of reason

Question 62

Thomas Jefferson

Accepted Answer

3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Question 63

Simon Bolivar

Accepted Answer

South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.

Question 64

John Locke

Accepted Answer

A philosopher who believed that all men were created equal: natural rights. Born on August 29, 1632, died on October 28, 1704.

Term	Definition
Conquistador	A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors who conquered Mexico and Peru in the 16th century
Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador (1485-1547) Led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico
the great dying	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas
Dona Marina	Native American slave from an elite background who in 1519 became Cortes’ indispensable interpreter and strategist. She bore him a son. After the conquest, she was married off to another conquistador, dying around 1530 CE.
Columbian Exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization. Named after Christopher Columbus
Peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.
Creole	People of pure European blood - usually from Spain – but born in the Americas/ “New World” Second most powerful/ influential class in Spanish colonies
Mestizo	Literally, “mixed” - A term used to describe the mixed –race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas
Mulattoes	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood
Plantation complex	Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, & the southern colonies of North America.
Settler colonies	Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply sending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America. – “here to live, here to stay”
Siberia	Russia’s great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central & eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.
yasak	Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs
Qing dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 – 1912 These rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China. Last Dynasty of China
Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India State founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526 Their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus & Muslims
Akbar (pron. AHK-bar)	The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.
Aurangzeb (pron. ow-rang-ZEB)	Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) Reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy
Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa
Constantinople, 1453	Capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire Fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II “the Conqueror” in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium
devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans The Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.
Vasco Da Gama	Led the first European expedition around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 Sighted and named Natal (South Africa) on Christmas Day before crossing the Indian Ocean Arrived in Calicut (present day Kozhikode) in 1498
Condiments	any spice used to flavor food cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves above all; pepper referred to as aphrodisiacs
Preservatives	Substance added to products such as foods, medication, paint, biological samples, beverages, etc Used to prevent decompositional microbial growth or undesirable chemical changes Common example would be salt; used for preserving food (ex: meat)
Aphrodisiac	A food, drink, or drug that stimulates sexual desire
medicinal	Of a substance or plant Having healing properties Pepper, chocolate and bananas are examples
Monopoly	The exclusive possession or control of the supply of trade in a commodity or service.
Indian Ocean Commercial Network	Massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times East Africa, India, Southeast Asia Badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500
Trading Post	Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade, rather than on the control of subject people
Philippines (Spanish)	Named after Philip II Colonized after the Spanish beginning Used as the second Trading Post Empire Spanish takeover resulted in widespread Christianity conversions Remained a colony until 1900
British/Dutch East India Companies	Private trading companies Chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600 Were given monopolies on Indian Ocean Trade Included the right to make war and to rule people
Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate itself from foreign influences
“Silver Drain”	The trade of silver to China in exchange for Chinese goods Eventually all the silver was going to China.
Potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.
“Soft Gold”	Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs Highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status Fur trade generated massive wealth for those involved in it, in several regions
African Diaspora	Name given to the spread of African slave peoples across the Atlantic, via the slave trade
Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745)	Known in his lifetime as Gustavus Vassa African in London A freed slave who supported the British movement to end the slave trade
The Middle Passage	The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies
Dahomey	West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers’ exploitation of the slave trade
Benin	West African kingdom in what is now Nigeria whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo	Sold into slavery in West Africa and transported to work on a plantation in Maryland in 1730, this well-educated Muslim became a celebrity in England because of his life story. He returned to his home in West Arica in 1734 after he got his freedom.
Globalization	Process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment, and aided by information technology.
Protestant Reformation	A religious movement in the 1500s that split the Roman Catholic church and led to the establishment of a number of new churches
Martin Luther	1483-1546 German monk whose protests against the Catholic Church in 1517 (95 Theses) led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation “main mover and shaker”
Ninety-Five Theses	List of grievances penned by Martin Luther and said to have been pubilcly posted on the doors of the Wittenberg Church in 1517
Indulgences	Pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul’s time in purgatory When sold in the 1400s and 1500s, it led to corruption, controversy, and the Reformation.
Salvation	Eternal life Heaven
Schism	Split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief The formal separation of a church into two churches or the secession of a group owing to doctrinal or other differences
Catholic Counter Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century; Thanks especially to the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.
Taki Onqoy	Literally, “dancing sickness” A religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean Age
Ursula de Jesus	Slave and later religious lay woman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Clara A lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good words gaining a reputation as a woman of extraordinary devotion as well as a mystic
Jesuits	aka “Society of Jesus” Catholic missionary order Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Part of the Catholic Counter Reformation
Wahhabi(wah-HAB-ee)Islam	Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) Advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law
kaozheng	Literally, “research based on evidence” Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis Applied especially to historical documents
Mirabai (MIR-ah-bye)	One of India’s most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547) Helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition
Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India Founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500 Combines elements of Hinduism and Islam Proclaims the brotherhood of ALL humans AND the equality of men and women
Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer 1473-1543 Was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos
Isaac Newton	English scientist 1643-1727 Formulated laws of motion and mechanics Findings are considered the culmination of the Scientific Revolution
European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century (1700s)
Philosophes	The philosophes were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, etc
Voltaire	a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.
condorcet and the idea of progress	The Marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher and scientist who argued human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability with human trials swept away by the triumph of reason
Thomas Jefferson	3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
Simon Bolivar	South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.
John Locke	A philosopher who believed that all men were created equal: natural rights. Born on August 29, 1632, died on October 28, 1704.
North American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1781); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy
French Revolution	The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Louis XVI	King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Marie Antoinette	the wife of Louis XVI. She was from Austria and Austria was a traditional enemy of France, so French people hated her. In the beginning, the French people liked Marie Antoinette and because she was a breath of fresh air and hope for the future.
The three estates	France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate.
ancien regime	Political and social system in France before the Revolution of 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man	Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Maximilian Robespierre	Leader of the Committee of Public Safety. One of the most influential figures of the French Revolution; instrumental in the period of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror, was eventually arrested and executed.
Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Haitian Revolution	Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic.
Spanish American Revolutions	1810-1825, Spanish and Portuguese of Latin America, revolution based off of North America, France, and Haiti, whites were out numbered it was a movement of independence The Creole elites were the chief beneficiaries during the Spanish American Revolution
Abolitionist Movement	Effort by many groups and individuals to end slavery
Nationalism	The idea that people of a nation are connected to each other and have pride in what connects them (similar to patriotism). These people would stick together even if they didn't have a common government.
Vindication of the Rights of Woman	A book written in 1792 by British proto-feminist Mary Wollstonecraft; one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an early leader of the woman's rights movement who wrote the Declaration of Sentiments as a call to arms for female equality.
Maternal Feminism	Maternal Feminism is feminism in the natural sense. While normal feminism began by a want of equality between the sexes due to unalienable rights, Maternal Feminism began due to the fact that women raise men that Maternal Feminism arose.
Kartini	A Javanese woman from an elite background (1879-1904) who has come to be regarded as a pioneer of both feminist and nationalist thinking in Indonesia.
Industrial Revolution	(1750-1850); Great Britain; Period in which the production of goods shifted from hand production methods to complex machines.
Epochal	The beginning of a distinctive period in the history of anything
Thames River	A river that flows through southern England including London.
Anthropocene	the current period of Earth's history, which started in the industrial revolution, and which marks human activities as having a global impact on the biosphere
Unprecedented	Never having happened before
steam engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion; most influential invention of the Industrial Revolution,
Indian cotton textiles	well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from 1700s India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India.
middle-class values	become dominant, ideal home, wife stays home, well-behaved kids
lower middle class	about 80% of the population, they were shopkeepers, traders, and manufacturers. they were not very educated when compared to the middle class.
Ellen Johnston	bornin 1835 to a working class family (worked in a variety of textile mills throughout her life)-single mother, when she was young, when she was 8 her mom married an abusive man who made Ellen work in a labor-intensive factory
Karl Marx	founder of modern communism, German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894).
proletariat	a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production originally used in ancient Rome
Labour Party	british political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class
Socialism in the United States	1750-1914 : Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate
Progressives	A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.
Russian Revolution of 1905	1750-1914 : Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms
Caudillos	1750-1914 : A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America
Latin America Export Boom	Large-scale increase in Latin America exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping;
Mexican Revolution	(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
Dependent Development	1750-1914 : Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions
Qianlong	A Chinese Emperor and ruler of the Qing Dynasty. He was an outlier as he was one who actually rejected the trading/economic requests of Britain. He was a preserver of Confucian culture.
Taiping Rebellion	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. a declining dynasty growing numbers of bandit gangs roaming the countryside an outright peasant rebellion
Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.
unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions
Extraterritoriality	The right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts.
Spheres of Influence	A source that affects a country in which other countries are in search for. For example, as explained, when Japan and Russia extracted these influences from China, both of these countries benefited because of these privileges they gained.
Self-strengthening movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.
Society of Righteousness and Harmonious Fists	An anti-foreign group led by militia organizations, that killed numerous European and Chinese Christians and laid siege to the foreign embassies in Beijing. This rebellion was ended when Western Powers and Japan occupied Beijing.
Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.
Commissioner Lin	1785, son of poor scholar, rose quickly in bureaucratic rank, found himself at the center of opium trade, emphasized its health hazards, confiscated much of it, had a moralistic approach. Imposed regulations and consequences for opium use and trade.
Chinese Revolution of 1911	collapse of China's ancient imperial order, at the hands of organized revolutionaries, but mostly from the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government.
"the sick man of Europe"	Western Europe's name for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries based on sutlan's inability to prevent Western takeover and deal with internal problems. The Ottoman Empire's domain greatly shrank during this time.
Tanzimat	1839, term means reorganization, began process of modernization, Sought to provide economic, social, and legal underpinning for a strong and newly recentralized state, changes to legal status, more equality, challenged Islamic state
Young Ottomans	lower level officials, military officers, writers, sought major changes in the political system, mid-19th century, overcome backwardness, favored European-style democratic constitutional regime. Embraces Western technology and scientific knowledge,
Sultan Abd al-Hamid II	1876 to 1909, Ottoman Sultan, accepted a reform constitution and elected parliament but quickly suppressed it. After suspending reforms, he reverted to an older style of despotic rule for the next 30 years, renewed claim as caliph
Young Turks	1900s, military and civilian elites had opposition to revived despotism, advocated militantly secular public life, modernization. Military coup in 1901 allowed them to exercise power, pushed radical secularization, eventually ended the Ottoman empire
informal empires	areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century, but retained their own governments and measure of independence, such as China and the Ottoman Empire. Gave rise to new nationalist conceptions of society
Tokugawa Japan	rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868, provided much internal peace for Japan, not really unified, had very detailed governance rules, change of class status, became very urbanized. Failure to deal with 1830 famine eroded effectiveness
Meiji restoration	overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor Meiji, led by a young samari group that took over. Claimed to be restoring power to the you (15 year old) emperor, , save Japan from foreign domination,
Russo-Japanese War	1904-1905, ended in a Japanese victory, established Japan as a military competitor in East Asia. Generated widespread admiration among those who saw Japan as a model for their own modern development or an ally in the struggle against imperialism,
Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
new imperialism	Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)
Ethnocenterism	Belief in the superiority of one's ethnic group, developed through the embeddedness in one's culture
Cultural Relativism	Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. In other words, "right" and "wrong" are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral
Social Darwinism	a belief that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die
Ceylon	(Sri Lanka) an island country in the northern Indian Ocean off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia; until 1972 known as Ceylon.
Cecil Rhodes	Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.
Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden"	A poem that urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations.
"The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters"	An American cartoon from 1882 depicting John Bull (England) as the octopus of imperialism grabbing land on every continent. Popular conceptions of power often invoke images of force and coercion, tending to emphasize the physical sense of the word
European Racism	social Darwinism, survival of the fittest, unfit races, nineteenth century, a sense of European supremacy, supported by their science, classified shape and size of skulls to determine that whites' were larger, therefore more advanced.
scramble for Africa	1875-1900, many European powers partitioned Africa, shocked by intensity of rivalries, involved peaceful negotiation and military action. Evidence of how the colonization of Africa, mainland Southeast Asia, and Pacific Islands came later
Indian Rebellion	1857-1858, triggered by use of guns smeared with cow and pig fat, offensive to Hindus and Muslims, sparked many other rebellions, angered British, resulting in oppressive rule. large cultural conflict with the British led to many other grievances
Congo Free State/Leopold II	early 2oth century, Congo became King Leopold II of Belgium's private property, extracted wealth in rubber, extremely abusive, if they didn't get enough rubber, they were killed or abused. These abuses caused the Belgian government to take control
cultivation system	19th century, Netherland East Indies, peasants required to cultivate 20% of land in cash crops to meet state tax obligation, became indebted, loss of land for food production, famines. Highly profitable to the Dutch. Did not have to tax citizens
Cash Crop Agriculture	The Europeans forced the local Africans to work for them in this kind of agriculture. The Europeans were very harsh on the Africans who didn't produce the amount of crops they wanted.
Western-Educated Elite	The people in Asia who embraced European culture, learning to speak French or English, and taking on other European ideals. Even Hindus in India began deliberately eating beef.
wanjiku	1910-1990s, Gikuyu of East Africa, met husband- both him and child died, remarried in 1940, became a Christian. Battled against old customs, part of Mau Mau rebellion, Kenya gained independence, ended up fighting old ways of life
Africanization of Christianity	By 1910, more than 10,000 missionaries had come to Africa. By the 1960's, more than half of the non-Muslim population claimed to be Christian. Mostly women and children took on this identity because of greater freedoms and opportunities.
Swami Vivekananda	(1863-1902) Revived Hinduism in India. He even took his message to the First World Parliament of Religions held in 1893 in Chicago.
Edward Blyden	(1832-1912) a West African born in the West Indies and educated in the U.S. who later became a prominent scholar in Liberia. He argued that while all the world's races are different, but each made contributions to world civilization.

APWH Q3 Vocab EVAL

AP World History Quarter 3 Vocabulary Evaluation

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: