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Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compare and Contrast anatomy and Physiology. | Anatomy is the study of structures and parts in an organism while Physiology is the study of functions of organisms. |
| How are structure and function related? | How a system functions is directly related to how it is structured. |
| Describe Function vs Mechanism? | Function is the "why" a system does what it does while Mechanism is the how it fulfills a function. |
| What are the major themes of Physiology? | Structure and function closely related Living organisms need energy Information flow coordinates body function Homeostasis maintains stability -Negative feedback maintains homeostasis -Positive Feedback moves system out of homeostasis Evolution as |
| What are protons ? | Positive and determines the element's atomic # |
| What are neutrons? | Neutral atoms gives atoms its mass |
| What are electrons | Negative and important in bonding |
| What is a covalent bond? | Covalent Bonds are atoms that share electron pairs |
| What happens if a covalent bond is not shared? | If not shared polarity will occur |
| What is an Ionic bond? | An ionic bond happens when there is attraction between ions |
| What is an hydrogen bond? | Weak attractive force resulting from from oppositely charged regions pulling together |
| What is Van der wal's force? | Attraction between negative and positive Weak individually but strong in # |
| Amino | NH2 |
| Carboxyl | COOH |
| hydroxyl | OH |
| Phosphate | H2PO4 |
| What are the the 4 types of biomolecules? | Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleotides |
| Carbohydrate Functions? | Energy storage and structure |
| Lipids Functions? | Energy storage Cell membrane Extracellular communication |
| Nucleotide Functions? | Biological information Translation Energy |
| What characteristics of molecules influence how they behave in aqueous environment | Because the transport of substances depend on how well they dissolve in water. Whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic |
| What is PH a measure of? | Ph is a measure of hydrogen ions |
| What factors influence binding affinity of proteins? | Strength of attraction Reaction is reversible |
| What is Keq? | Keq is affinity |
| How is Keq calculated? | Keq=[pl] [p][l] |
| What does Keq tell us ? | If the reaction and concentration is at equilibrium and it estimates affinity |
| Why is compartmentalization important for life and physiology? | Life requires compartments and is important for holding energy at concentration. |
| How do prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ? | |
| What type of transporter moves 2 materials in opposite directions? (1 into, 1 out of the cell) | Antiport |
| What type of transporter moves more than 1 material at a time? | Cotransporters |
| If a solution is hyposmotic to a cell, what is the tonicity? | hypotonic |
| What is meant by Osmotic equilibrium? | concentration of solutes are the same on both sides of the cell membrane. |
| Define chemical equilibrium | reversible chemical reactions.Rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of reverse reaction. |
| What allows water to move through cell membranes? | Osmosis |
| what is osmolarity? | The number of osmotic particles per liter solution |
| What is simple diffusion | passage through cell membrane w/o help of protein |
| Types of protein mediated transport? | channel protein carrier proteins facilitated diffusion primary active secondary active |
| How do the protein mediated transport differ? | Channel proteins open a path through a membrane carrier proteins moves substances facilitated diffusion diffuses solutes into cell following concentration gradient Primary active -ATP is required and moves aolutes against concentration secondary act |
| Define Uniport | moves one at a time |
| Define Cotransporters | more than one at a time |
| Define symport | same direction |
| Define antiport | opposite directions |
| what are bulk transport mechanisms? | Phagocytosis-Extended psuedopods to engulf organism Endocytosis-Receptors bind taget ligand Exocytosis-release solutes into ECF"reverse endocytosis" |
| Why does depolarization occur? | when ion channels in the membrane open or close |
| Does insulin secretion require energy from ATP? | yes |
| How is the membrane potential of cells maintained? | K+ ions pass but Na ions are blocked |
| What are the types of competitors? | Agonists-mimic actions of competitors Antagonists-bind but block protein |
| What are competitors? | molecules that compete to bind at binding sites |
| how do cells communicate with each other? | Local and Long-distance communication |
| Define Local communication? | Has gap junctions that form direct connection b/w cells and communicate via cell adhesion molecules.It has chemical signaling, paracrine that acts on nearby cells and travels by diffusion autocrine signals-communicate with itself |
| Define long distance communication? | Endocrine systems that communicate via hormones and Nervous systems that has electrical and chemical signals. |
| what is signal transduction? | A signal is being converted from one form to another? |
| What kind of cells bind? | Only ones with appropriate receptors |
| how do lipophobic and lipophilic differ from each other? | Lipohilic receptors are inside the cell while lipophobic receptors are on the cell surface |
| What is the process of signal transduction? | A signaling cascade of second messengers a signal molecule is amplified into many creating intracellular targets binds to membrane receptor this can result in direct or indirect action. |
| What is signal transduction? | extracellular signal converted to intracellular signal to generate a response |
| what is kinase? | an enzyme that phosphorylates protein using ATP |
| what happens if ligands are at a high concentration? | It may decrease # of receptors |
| what are the 4 ways message can indirectly cause physiological responses |
Created by:
jd317
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