Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Immune System Part 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 types of adaptive (specific) defenses: | Cell-mediated immunity and Humoral/Antibody-mediated immunity |
| What do adaptive defenses respond to? | specific antigens |
| How do adaptive defenses respond? | with coordinated responses of T and B cells |
| Cell mediated immunity responds to what kind of cells? | T cells |
| Cell mediated immunity defends against what? | abnormal cells or pathogens inside the cell |
| What does cell mediated immunity use for attack? | perforin and granzymes |
| Who is the brother/sister of a Natural killer: Why? | T cell; but, T cells make sure they're supposed to kill before attacking, but both use the same method |
| Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity uses what kinds of cells | b cells |
| Antibody-mediated immunity defends against what? | pathogens (antigens) in the body fluids |
| What does antibody-mediated immunity use for attack? | antibodies |
| What do T cells use to I.D. what to attack? | Antigen presenting cells or antibodies |
| Are you born with T-cell immunity? | NO |
| Antibody-mediated immunity is also known as what? | humoral immunity |
| Humoral means what? | blood/fluid |
| How does Antibody-mediated immunity work? | like Instagram... send out a picture throughout the body using antibodies (picture) saying get this guy |
| Analogy for what antibodies are: | GB on phone (you have an antibody for every pathogen you have ever encountered-they're very small) |
| Innate immunity is first present when? | at birth |
| Adaptive immunity is first present when? | after birth- your body responds as you're exposed to specific antigens; YOU CREATE your own ANTIBODIES |
| 2 types of adaptive immunity: | Active and Passive |
| How are antibodies brought about for Active adaptive immunity? | after exposure to a specific antigen |
| 2 types of active adaptive immunity: | Naturally acquired adaptive immunity, Artificially induced adaptive immunity |
| How are antibodies brought about for Passive adaptive immunity? | Antibodies are transferred from another source |
| 2 types of passive adaptive immunity: | Naturally acquired adaptive immunity, Artificially acquired adaptive immunity |
| Naturally acquired active immunity is a result of what? | environmental exposure to pathogens |
| Artificially induced active immunity is what? | vaccines containing attenuated pathogens |
| What is an attenuated pathogen? | weakened pathogen- such a small amount that it can't get you sick |
| Where do the antibodies for naturally acquired passive immunity come from? | mom |
| What is the main difference between passive and adaptive immunity: | Passive is nicer, but it doesn't last as long |
| What is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity: | Rabies shot (made of antibodies) |
| 4 properties of adaptive (acquired) immunity: | specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance |
| What does specificity mean? | -Each T or B cell responds only to a specific antigen and ignores all others -Shape and size of antigen determines which lymphocyte responds |
| What does versatility mean? | any antigen, any time (the body produces thousands of types of lymphocytes and each lymphocyte population fights a different type of antigen- these lymphocytes then clone themselves & their clones are sensitive to that same antigen) |
| For the memory property of adaptive immunity, what two types of cells are produced when an antigen is encountered? | active and inactive |
| When do the active group of memory cells attack the invader? | Immediately |
| When does the inactive group of memory cells wake up? | at the second time of exposure: then they ‘remember’ (memory) the antigen and strike with a faster, longer, more effective attack than the first time |
| Describe Tolerance: | The immune system ignores its own antigens ("normal" or "self") |
| How do T/B cells work under tolerance? | T/B cells are destroyed if they attack self antigens, the "navy seals" who make it are programed to attack only non self antigens only |
| What kind of cells creates antibodies? | B cells |
| 4 major types of T cells: | cytotoxic, memory, helper, and suppressor |
| Cytotoxic cells are also known as what? | Tc cells |
| Memory cells are also known as what? | Th cells |
| Suppressor cells are also known as what? | Ts cells |
| Cytotoxic cells are responsible for what? | cell mediated immunity |
| How do cytotoxic T cells work? | Enter tissues and directly attack antigens physically and chemically |
| How do memory T cells work? | Produced and activated if pathogen occurs again later |
| How do helper T cells work? | Stimulate responses of T cells and B cells, especially activate B cells |
| How do suppressor T cells work? | Inhibit (stop) function of T cells and B cells when attack should end |
| What is necessary for a cytotoxic T cell to work? | a helper T cell |
| How do helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells work together? | helper T says here cytotoxic cell, kill that one; here B cell, make some antibodies; here mast cell, release some histamine |
| What protein is involved in the classical and alternative pathway? | C3B (innate immunity) |
| CD markers are also known as what? | cluster of differentiation markers ("Columbia shirts on everyone") |
| CD markers are associated with what type of immunity? | adaptive |
| When is CD3 present? | with ALL T cells |
| Analogy for CD3 markers: | Everyone in A&P is going into different medical fields, but we all had to take this class.... CD is A&P "little badge saying I'm adaptive immune system and here to help you this way" |
| What are the two "profession choices" for CD3 markers (those who have taken A&P): | CD4 and CD8 |
| CD3 is a type of what? | Receptor Complex |
| What do Cytotoxic T cells have? | (CD3) + CD8 |
| What do Cytotoxic T cells/ CD8s respond to? | antigens on class 1 MHC proteins |
| What does 1 MHC stand for? | Major Histo Compatibility Complex 1 |
| CD8 HATE means what? | CD8 cells are Cytotoxic cells... they hate on/ kill everything |
| CD4s are what kind of cells? | call for help/ Helper T cells |
| Who do CD4s respond to? | antigens on class 2 MHC complex proteins |
| T/F: both CD4 and CD8 cells bind to CD3 receptor complex? | True |
| What is associated with class 2 major histo compatibility complexes? | antibodies |
| What is a MHC? | a bunch of proteins that are grouped together that can make different kinds of cells |
| T cells can not recognize an antigen unless what? | unless it is bound to a glycoprotein in the plasma membrane of another cell and presented |
| MHC proteins are also known as what? | Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) |
| What do MHC proteins/ HLAs do? | bind antigens for presentation to a T cell |
| What class are MHCs for Cytotoxic T cells? | class 1 |
| What class are MHCs for Helper T cells? | class 2 |
| Which class of MHCs are found in the membranes of all nucleated body cells? | class 1 |
| What class of MHCs are found in the membranes of APCs (antigen presenting cells aka phagocytes)? | class 2 |
| What cells are at risk for being attacked by a virus? | ones that have DNA |
| What happens when cells are infected with viruses? | they use their MHC 1 to put a pathogen on the outside that causes a CD8 to come and kill the cell |
| When a T cell responds it is called a what? | activated cytotoxic T cell (CD8) |
| What causes organ donation rejection? | T cells attacking the foreign cells |
| Class 2 MHCs are found only in the membranes of what? | Antigen Presenting cells and Lymphocytes |
| Phagocytes are an example of what? | Antigen Presenting cells |
| Who responds to class 2 MHC proteins? | Helper T cells CD4 |
| What do Lymphocytes turn into? | T, B, and NK cells |
| For class 1 MHCs, the cell infected has get sick and die, how does the process for class 2 MHCs differentiate? | For Class 2 MHCs (think macs), the cell doesn't have to get sick and die; it simply eats the bad guy, shows it to a helper T cell who goes and tells B cells to make antibodies, calls cytotoxic cells to kill it, and tells mast cells to cue immune response |
| What is the MHC 2 complex on a mac? | what the MHC 2 is "wrapped" in |
| What is antigen processing? | when an antigen presenting cell makes fragments of an antigen |
| Class 1 MHCs cause cytotoxic Ts to what? | activate |
| Another name for a body cell | somatic |
| MHC class 1 proteins respond to what? | viral and bacterial infections |
| How do cells know that either itself, or its buddy is infected? | appearance of abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm |
| What are abnormal peptide proteins incorporated into? | MHC class 1 proteins |
| 4 phagocytes: | Macrophages (both fixed and free) Kupffer cells (macs of the liver) Microglia (macs of the CNS) Dendritic cells of skin, lymph nodes, and spleen |
| What are the two places class 2 MHC proteins are found? | Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs), and B-cells |
| Are MHC 1 or MHC 2 proteins more intense? | MHC 2 proteins- calling the helper T cell! |
| Examples of who can NOT make an MHC 1: | Red blood cell (since can't do immune response on own, filtered through the spleen who decides who has to go...) |
| Why do patients who have received organs have to take immune suppression? | to inhibit T cells because they will attack the foreign |
| T/F, phages cannot get infected? | False, anyone who has a nucleus can... |
| The action of what organelle causes antigen fragmentation during MHC 2 protein response? | lysosome |
| Steps to MHC 1 protein response: | 1) perforin 2) release granzyme containing poisonous lymphotoxin 3) apotosis |
| Steps to MHC 2 protein response: | 1) Helper T cell produces cytokines going to cytotoxic Ts and phages 2) Cytotoxic Ts kill the infected cell and phage eats it through phagocytosis 3) b cells make antibodies + memories |
| Do you want to make antibodies against everything? | No, only against the things MHC 2 proteins tell you too. |
| what is a cytokine? | inflammatory response proteins that CALL everyone (phone calls) |
| What is a cytokine storm? | too much of a good thing (over secretion of cytokines)- inflammation (like when you get in the car and the music that sounded good when it was happening now hurts bad) |
| How does apoptosis work? | cell death occurs through the activation of genes inside the cell's DNA |
| B cells are responsible for what? | antibody mediated immunity |
| How do B cells attack antigens? | by producing antigen specific antibodies |
| 3 steps of antibody mediated immunity using B cells: | 1) sensitization 2) activation 3) division |
| What happens during sensitization? | antigen presentation |
| What happens during activation? | needs helper Ts to give them the ok |
| What is divided during division? | B cells divide into plasma B cells and memory B cells |
| What is the job of plasma B cells? | make antibodies |
| What is the job of memory B cells? | remember what the bad guy looks like for the second encounter |
| What three things happens to antigens during sensitization? | Taken into the B cell Processed Reappear on surface, bound to Class II MHC protein which can now be shown to a Helper T cell |
| Why do B cells need to get the ok from helper Ts before they can make antibodies? | so that they don't start making antibodies and memory cells for the wrong things... |
| What do the memory Bs do? | make the response bigger, faster, louder, and stronger for next time (2nd encounter) |
| Antibodies are also known as what? | immunoglobins |
| each antibody has how many binding sites? Describe these sites: | 2 identical ones called binding sites |
| What form the base of antibodies? | constant segments |
| NAME the 5 bases/classes of antibodies: | Ig... MADGE |
| How many segments are there are there at each specific antigen binding site? | 2 (and 2 antigen binding sites for each antibody thus a total of 4) |
| The way antigens and antibodies react is equivalent to what other reaction in the body? | enzymes and substrates |
| An antigen bound to its specific antibody is called a what? | Antigen-Antibody Complex |
| What are the places on a pathogen where antibodies bind called? | Epitopes |
| What happens when an antibody and pathogen form a complete antigen? | both binding sites of the antibody are attached to the pathogen |
| Where are Ig-MADGE found? | in body fluids |
| Name the two chains in an antibody: | heavy chain & light chain |
| What are the two parts to the heavy chin? | variable (superior) and constant (inferior) |
| What do the heavy and light chain tips form? | Antigen binding site |
| What does the IG in an antibody base stand for? | immunoglobulin |
| Each antibody has how many binding sites? Describe them: | 2 identical binding sites called VARIABLE REGIONS |
| What form the bases of antibodies? | Constant segments |
| Which antibody base is a part of the first class of antibody secreted after antigen encounter (1st!) | IgM |
| Describe IgM antibodies: | Secreted by plasma cells as single molecules and then they polymerize and circulate as five antibody starburst |
| Give an example of IgM antibodies: | A and B antibodies in the plasma responsible for agglutination |
| What is the largest and most diverse class of antibodies? | IgG antibodies |
| IgG antibodies are... | MOST COMMON AND LONG TERM |
| whar percent of antibodies are IgGs? | 80% |
| What are IgGs responsible for? | Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins |
| What kind of antibodies provides passive immunity to the baby during labor when the two bloodstreams cross through the placenta and umbilical chord? | IgG antibodies |
| What is an example of IgG antibodies? | RH antibody |
| IgG antibody is responsible for what condition? | fetalis erythroblastosis / hemolytic disease of the newborn |
| IgE means..... | HISTSMINE (signal that causes its release) |
| Where do IgEs attach? | the surface of Basophils and Mast cells |
| What does histamine do? | cytokine accelerates inflammation (causes the stuff in the street to go up into the yard) |
| List the 4 ways antibodies work: | 1) formation of immune complex 2)Labels 3)Antitoxins 4)Opsonization |
| What is formation of an immune complex? | linking together large numbers of antibodies to make phagocytosis easier |
| Describe agglutination: | a type of formation of an immune complex: clumping together of incompatible erythrocytes during agglutination reaction or of bacterial to prevent their spread |
| What does labels mean? | antibodies ID antigens for phagocytes ( go find the one with the antibody on it!) |
| What does the antitoxin property of antibodies mean? | antibodies block toxins |
| What is opsonization? | "orange paint" enhances phagocytosis |
| Primary and secondary responses to antigen exposure occur in what kind of immunity? | both adaptive and innate |
| first exposure to an antigen produces what? | initial PRIMARY response |
| second exposure to an antigen produces what? | triggers SECONDARY response (more extensive and prolonged); memory cells already primed |
Created by:
smhoffman
Popular Physiology sets