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Immune System part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Resistance | natural or acquired ability to maintain immunity |
| What are the 2 categories of defenses? | Innate or NONSPECIFIC immunity Adaptive or SPECIFIC immunity |
| Why are innate cells also called nonspecific? | because they do not distinguish one type of threat from another/responds the same to all pathogens |
| Why are Adaptive cells also called specific? | because they're remembered responses (when your body responds to a pathogen the first time, it fights it and then it remembers it in the form of a created ANTIBODY for next time ) |
| Which kind of cells do mom give you for immunity? | innate/nonspecific |
| How do you get adaptive cells? | EXPOSURE as you grow up |
| What type of cells do innate (non specific) immunity | NKs natural killers |
| Adaptive (specific) immunity relies on what three things? | T cells B cells and Antibodies |
| Analogy for antibodies: | like gigs on phone- you have 64 then you get older and it grows |
| 2 types of exposure for adaptive immunity: | accidental encounters (unintentional) immunizations |
| 7 categories of innate/NONSPECIFIC immunity: | Physical barriers Phagocytes Immune surveillance Interferons Complement Inflammatory response Fever |
| Examples of physical barriers: (one of the categories for nonspecific/innate immunity) | outer layer of the skin hair epithelial layers of internal passageways secretions that flush away materials (sweat, mucous, urine) secretions that kill or inhibit microorganisms (enzymes, antibodies, or stomach acid) |
| Examples of Phagocytes: (one of the categories for nonspecific/innate immunity) | microphages macrophages dendritic cells |
| What are microphages and how do they work? | Neutrophils and Eosinophils leave the blood stream and enter peripheral tissues to fight infection |
| What are macrophages and how do they work? | large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes can be either fixed or free begin roaming around damaged tissue |
| What are dendritic cells and how do they work? | eat stuff and present antigens to T cells; best activators of adaptive immune cells |
| 3 ways activated pathogens will respond to pathogens: | Engulf pathogen and destroy it with lysosomal enzymes Bind to pathogen so other cells can destroy it Destroy pathogen by releasing toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid |
| fixed macrophages are also called what? | histiocytes |
| what 3 places do fixed macs stay? | dermis bone marrow subarachnoid space of meninges |
| 2 types of special histiocytes: | Microglia Kupffer cells |
| where are Microglia cells found? | CNS/brain |
| Who are Microglia in the brain? | janitors |
| What have microglia been found to be the problem in causing? | OCD- knockout mice (born without gene for microglia- eradiated the mice and injected them with cells to cause microglia to form in the brain and the OCD went away) + neuroinflammation |
| where are Kupffer cells? | found in liver sinusoids |
| Another name for free macrophages: | wandering macrophages |
| What do free macrophages do? | travel through the bloodstream and leave it to arrive at site in tissue |
| type of special free macrophages: | Alveolar macrophages |
| Describe Alveolar macrophages: | phagocytic dust cells that monitor gas exchange surfaces for pathogens |
| Alveolar macrophages are trying to prevent what by being the what of the lungs? | pneumonia by being microglia of the lungs |
| what is chemotaxis? | the way all macrophages are attracted or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluids |
| another name for emigration: | diapedesis |
| What is emigration/diapedesis? | the way all macrophages move through capillary walls (leave the road and go up into the yard) |
| Define Adhesion: | when phagocyte attaches to target |
| What happens after adhesion? | surrounds pathogen with vesicle |
| What is the final step to a macrophages job- the actual "phagocytosis:" | engulfs the pathogen and attaches it inside to a lysosome or peroxisome that is full of digestive chemicals |
| What type of defense is the immune surveillance? | Non-specific defense |
| What are natural killer cells? | Lymphocytes that constantly monitor for abnormal antigens on the cells surface. |
| Who out of the three following has the fastest immune response: why? T cell, B cell, NK cell | NK cell because it doesn't have to check before it kills something... it simply will attack it if its an antigen of some sort |
| What organelle do NKs use and how? | Golgi apparatus; swings it around, and points at antigen before shooting stuff out of the cell to kill the antigen |
| What part of Golgi Apparatus releases what to shoot at/kill the abnormal cell? | vesicles shoot out perforins/release granzymes ("granular enzymes") |
| Perforins do what? | punches huge holes in pathogen's plasma membrane |
| Granzyme does what? | enters through holes and triggers apoptosis |
| Who attacks cancer? | NK cells |
| Who attacks cells infected by viruses? | NK cells |
| Cancer cells have what that attract/tell NK cells to attack? | tumor specific antigens |
| Describe immunological escape involving cancer cells: | cover up tumor specific antigens so NK cells can't find them (like what RHOGAM does with the RH antigens for the baby's positive blood to keep the mama's antibodies/anti-monkey spray from attacking) |
| Explain the immunological response to viruses: | Viruses can multiply inside cells where NK cells can't reach them; however-INFECTED CELLS PRESENT THE VIRUSES ANTIGEN ON THE CELL MEMBRANE (warning to other cells + kill me flag). This allows NK cells to I.D. them as abnormal and destroy that cell |
| What are interferons? | Small proteins RELEASED BY activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by tissue cells infected with viruses |
| Where do interferons bind and what do they do? | Bind to normal cells causes cell to produce antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication in that cell |
| What are cytokines? | Chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities and act as chemical messengers (either paracrine or hormone) |
| Analogy for cytokines: | cell phone call to tell NK cells come get me |
| Interferons are a type of what? | cytokines |
| Under the compliment system, the plasma contains how many compliment proteins? | 30 |
| The compliment system is analogous to what? | National guard (w/ 30 divisions)- there when you need them in the background |
| What is a compliment protein? | a protein that comes along in a sequence- a protein that has a number on it that if you get enough of them together, you can have 1 of 3 effects..... |
| 2 pathways of the compliment system (ways to get these proteins together): | Classical pathway Alternative pathway |
| What pathway of the compliment system is faster? | classical pathway |
| Under the classical pathway, once you get enough of these proteins together, what happens? | Inactive C3 protein is converted into an activated C3b protein |
| 3 end results of following the classical or the alternative pathway? | pore formation and lysis, opsonization, and histamine release |
| Another way for Alternative pathway: | properdin pathway (pro is slow) |
| Which pathway does NOT have antibodies to tell them "here's the thing?" | Alternative |
| If no antibodies are available, what happens? | several complement proteins interact with the plasma |
| In the alternative pathway, which compliment proteins interact with the plasma | Properdin (factor P), factor B, and factor D |
| Under the Alternative pathway, once you get enough of these proteins together, what happens? | Conversion of inactive C3 to activated C3 b protein |
| What happens during pore formation and lysis? | When activated C3b attaches, a Membrane Attack complex (MAC) is formed to destroy the membrane of the target |
| Do you need one or many C3b proteins to form a Membrane Attack Complex? | many (all hold hands and drill a hole together) |
| What happens during opsonization? | Dump all C proteins and Antibodies on the cell- "orange paint" on the infected cell so that macrophage can come get it (Optimizes a macs ability to ID infected cell) |
| Why is Histamine release a helpful pathway response? | Mast cells and Basophils do this to increase inflammation and therefore increase blood supply to a region; Histamine release also calls more leukocytes |
| Another name for inflammation: | Inflammatory response |
| What is inflammation? | a localized response to tissue injury |
| 5 clinical features of inflammation: | 1-Redness 2-Swelling 3-Pain 4-Heat 5-Loss of Function |
| Fancy term for redness: | Erythema |
| Fancy term for swelling: | edema |
| Fancy term for pain: | algesia |
| Fancy term for heat: | febrile/thermo |
| Latin for redness: | rubor |
| Latin for swelling: | tumor |
| Latin for pain: | dolor |
| Latin for heat: | calor |
| Latin for loss of function: | functio laesa |
| 3 effects of inflammation: | Temporary repair and barrier against pathogens Retards spread of pathogens into surrounding areas Mobilization of local and systemic defenses and facilitation of repairs (regeneration) |
| 5 steps in tissue repair: | 1- Tissue Damage 2- Mast cell activation 3-Cardinal signs and symptoms 4- Phagocyte attraction 5-Tissue repair |
| What happens during tissue damage | causes chemical change in interstitial fluid |
| Mast cell activation causes the release of what two things: | Histamine and Heparin |
| What is the main Phagocyte attracted during step three: | Neutrophil (1st responder) |
| What things happen during/as a result of Phagocyte attraction: | Release of cytokines to call others for help Removal of debris by neutrophils and macrophages (2nd responders) Stimulation of fibroblasts to begin repair Activation of specific defenses (B and T cells) |
| What happens during tissue repair? | pathogen removal, clot erosion, scar formation |
| Difference between signs and symptoms: | Patient comes in with symptoms, and doctor/nurse writes down signs |
| If lab values 30 and 60 are inverted, what kind of infection is present? | viral infection |
| What is Necrosis? | Local tissue destruction in area of injury Due to lysosomes releasing digestive enzymes that destroy injured cells and attack surrounding tissue |
| What is pus made of? | dead neutrophils + their targets |
| What is an abscess? | pus accumulated in an enclosed tissue space |
| Things that cause fevers are called what? | pyrogens |
| Fever is a body temperature above what? | 99 degrees F |
| During a fever, what part of the body is in charge of raising the temperature? | Hypothalamus |
| Why do you shiver when getting a fever? | trying to raise the setpoint to make it uncomfortable for the bad stuff |
| What happens when fever goes down? | Hypothalamus turns the setpoint down and thus you sweat to cool body down |
| What is Tumor Necrosis Factor released by? (TNF) | macrophages |
| What does TNF do? | the signal to the hypothalamus to raise the temperature and thus cause fever |
Created by:
smhoffman
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