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Immune system part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function of immune system: | Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes to defend against infection and environment |
| 3 types of Immune cells: | macrophages, microphages, and lymphocytes |
| Describe how immune cells work: | like EMS- they travel to the sites of injury/infection |
| T/F: immune cells circulate constantly in the bloodstream | true |
| Describe lymph fluid circulation: | the circulation of blood plasma to lymph and back to venous system carrying hormones, nutrients, and waste products |
| where gets attacked during most types of cancer? | lymph nodes along midline |
| the immune system is usually represented in pictures with what color? | green (except when green is representative of bile in digestive system) |
| you clean about what percent of your blood every day? | 10% |
| cleans from what to what? | periphery to interior of body |
| Where does the left branch of the aorta go? | heart |
| Where does the right branch of the aorta go? | brachiocephalic artery |
| What happens at primary sites? | lymphocytes are formed and mature |
| Where are primary sites? | thymus and red bone marrow |
| What happens at secondary sites? | lymphocytes are activated and cloned (identical reproduction) |
| Where are secondary sites? | appendix, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) |
| what is the function of small lymphatic capillaries? | |
| T/F: lymphatic vessels don't have valves: | false- they do have valves |
| last stop before the heart are what? | major, large lymph collecting vessels |
| 2 types of major lymph collecting vessels: | superficial lymphatics deep lymphatics |
| Thymus is really large in who? (gets smaller when?) | children- smaller in adults |
| T-cells are named after what? | thymus |
| Where are T-cells cloned? | secondary sites |
| lymphatic vessels all eventually lead back where? | subclavian arteries |
| How do things run through the body? | NAV complex + lymph vessel |
| superficial lymphatics contain what three things? | Subcutaneous layer of skin Mucous membranes (digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive) Serous membranes (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal) |
| deep lymphatics accompany.... | Accompany deep veins and arteries supplying skeletal mm + organs |
| lymphatic trunks are where what two things meet? | Where superficial and deep lymphatic vessels meet |
| Job of thoracic duct: | collects all lymph from below the diaphragm + left side above the diaphragm |
| What is the Cisterna Chyli? | sac attached/part of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from below the diaphragm (collection pool for the legs) |
| Job of right lymphatic duct: | collect lymph from Right side above the diaphragm |
| which lymphatic duct is smaller? | right lymphatic duct |
| Lymphedema | blockage of lymphatic drainage (accumulated interstitial fluid in the tissue) |
| Why is lymphedema so bad (besides the look) | may pose risk for infection; stagnant toxic pathogens |
| 3 types of lymphocytes: | T-cells B-cells NKs (natural killers) |
| describe T-cells | thymus dependent |
| describe B-cells | bone marrow derived |
| describe NKs | natural killers |
| 3 causes of edema: | increased capillary filtration reduced absorption lymphatic abstruction |
| who makes antibodies? | B cells (plasma cells) |
| another name for antibodies | immunoglobulins |
| what are antigens? | Targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound |
| Are antigens good or bad in the immune system? | bad |
| what happens to antigens in the immune system? | T-cell or NK comes up and kills it |
| when shape of antigen is recognized by antibody, what does it form? | Antibody,-antigen complex |
| Lymphopoiesis is what? | making of new lymphatic cells |
| Where does Lymphopoiesis occur? | thymus red bone marrow |
| group 1 stem cells make what? | immature B and NK cells |
| where do group 1 stem cells grow up? | red bone marrow |
| immature b cells are wrapped in extensions of what? | stromal cells |
| group 2 stem cells make what? | T cells |
| group 2 stem cells migrate where? | thymus |
| group 2 stem cells are isolated by what? | blood-thymus barrier |
| If T-cells were part of an army, what were they? | Navy seals: only 2% actually used |
| what is stroma? | a net- you need it to catch the bad stuff; support, feed |
| what are nodules? | unencapsulated gathering of tissue right under wet epithelial cells Ex: nose |
| what contains dividing lymphocytes? (seed-center that grows out) | germinal center |
| how many tonsils are there? | 5 |
| where are the 5 tonsils? | in the wall of the pharynx |
| List the 5 tonsils: | Left and right palatine (2); pharyngeal tonsil ** adenoid; Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue (2) |
| what is the job of the left and right palatine and lingual tonsils? | 1st defense guarding where we eat and where we breathe |
| what does MALT stand for? | Mucous associated lymphoid tissue |
| what are MALTs? | Clusters of lymphoid tissue protecting epithelia of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems |
| 2 examples of where MALT is in the body: | Peyer's patches Appendix (Vermiform Appendix) |
| 3 lymphoid organs: | Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen |
| what are the 3 lymphoid organs surrounded by? | fibrous connective tissue capsule |
| 2 main structures of lymph nodes: | trabeculae Hilum |
| what are trabeculae? | Bundles of collagen fibers Extend from capsule into interior of lymph node |
| What is the Hilum? | A shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter the lymph node (where stuff comes in and goes out) |
| what do afferent lymphatics do? | carry lymph to node from peripheral tissue |
| what do efferent lymphatics do? | Leave lymph node at hilum Carry lymph to venous circulation |
| what is the function of lymph nodes? | purifies lymph before returns to venous circulation |
| what live in the walls of the lymphatic sinuses and eat debris and pathogens as they flow by? | fixed macrophages |
| macrophages are also called what? why? | Antigen-presenting cells: they eat the antigens then put a small part of them on the outside of themselves so that they can tell the T-cells to recognize it and spread the message to kill them... |
| Where is the Thymus located? | mediastinum |
| When does the Thymus atrophy? | after puberty |
| what happens when the thymus atrophies? | its effectiveness diminishes |
| Describe the structure of the Thymus: | 2 thymic lobes further divided by septa into smaller lobules |
| What is analogy for septa? | the walls of bubbles washing the dishes |
| describe the structure of each lobule: | outer cortex (hard candy coating) and inner medulla (creamy filling) |
| Where do the T cells mature? | Thymic cortex |
| What are T cells fed by? | hormones from epithelial cells |
| What happens to T cells after they've matured? | leave via medulla and finally enter the blood vessels to the body |
| what is the biggest lymphatic organ in the body and what is it equivalent too? | spleen; hospital |
| If the spleen is the hospital? what are the urgent cares along the way? | lymph nodes |
| What is the spleen's general job? | central clean and store station for blood |
| 3 function's of the spleen: | 1-Removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis 2-storage of iron recycled by RBCs 3-Initiation of immune response by B and T cells (in response to antigens) |
| Nickname of the spleen: | "filter of the blood" |
| Why is the nickname of the spleen "filter of the blood?" | because of its extensive vascularization and the presence of macrophages and dendritic cells that remove microbes and other materials from the blood, including dying red blood cells. |
| What organ functions as the location of immune response to pathogens? | Spleen |
| Which major organ takes up most of the Right side of the abdominal cavity? | Liver |
| Where is the spleen located? | Left side of the body |
| What 3 major anatomical structures does the spleen contact? | diaphragm, LEFT kidney, stomach |
| Name the 4 major structures of the spleen: | hilum trabecular arteries and veins (enter/leave at hilum) Red and White pulp |
| What connects the stomach to the spleen? | gastrosplenic ligament |
| capillaries deliver RBCs from the body into the what? | Red pulp |
| veins return what back to the heart from the spleen? | cleaned blood |
| Major function of red pulp in the spleen: | filtration system |
| What type of cells does the Red pulp use to filtrate the blood? | cells of the innate (nonspecific) immune response |
| Red blood cells contain what two things? | Red blood cells and White blood cells |
| White pulp is where what happens? | T and B cell responses are mounted |
| What type of cells does the White pulp use to mount the responses of T and B cells? | cells of the acquired/adaptive (specific) immune response |
| White pulp is dominated by what two things? | T and B lymphocytes |
| Rupture of the spleen leads to what? | Splenectomy |
| Describe the strength level of the spleen? | fragile like a water balloon; ruptures easily |
| Describe the effects of a ruptured spleen: | serious internal bleeding, shock, or death |
| Describe how you deal with a ruptured spleen? | difficult to repair (like sewing tissue paper) so remove the spleen (person can live w/o spleen but is more prone to bacterial infections) |
| What bacteria are people without spleen's particularly susceptible to contracting? | pneumococcal bacteria |
| Is there more red or white pulp in the spleen? | Red pulp (there's a lot of RBCs that need to be cleaned every day 10% every day) |
| Is there a lot of white pulp? why? | No, it's really expensive because it has memory cells in it... which takes more energy (used to make T and Bs)- adaptive system |
| Things like the appendix, tonsils, and spleen are primary or secondary sites? | secondary |
Created by:
smhoffman
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