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vessels part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| who causes blood to get out of the heart? | the heart itself |
| why does blood flow? | differences in pressure between two structures |
| when blood flows away from the heart what happens? | blood pressure decreases until in vena cava (about 1mm Hg) |
| the greater the pressure resistance (btw 2 points)... | the greater the flow |
| the more resistance the blood meets.... | the slower the flow |
| you need to consider both what two things: | blood pressure and resistance (when cold, more resistance so bp maybe lower...) |
| meaning for abbreviation F + what F is: | Flow; degree of a motion in the blood vessel |
| meaning for abbreviation P + what P is: | Blood pressure; force exerted by blood against vessel wall |
| what is P generated by? | heart overcoming resistance from pulmonary and systemic circuits |
| meaning of R + what R is: | Resistance aka peripheral resistance; opposition to blood flow from friction or constriction |
| What does F α ΔP/R mean? | flow is proportional to the difference in pressure divided by resistance |
| What three pressures affect blood flow? | Blood pressure, Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP), and venous pressure |
| blood pressure is proportional to what pressure? | Atrial pressure |
| Blood pressure should be what: | 120/80 |
| circulatory pressure must overcome what? | total peripheral resistance (of entire cardiovascular system) |
| do arteries or veins have the highest resistance and highest gradient? what is this difference? | arteries; 85 mm Hg |
| the biggest difference in pressure is found where? | by the heart and in the peripheral capillary beds |
| the cardiovascular system can change the pressure gradient and thus the rate of capillary flow how? | by adjusting C.O. and peripheral resistance |
| Explain how pressure gradient and balance work: | HEART ALWAYS HAS TO WIN;Pressure in arterioles and arteries of kidneys must be higher than in the capillaries and veins of the kidney |
| hypotension | pressure is too low leaving the heart; filtration will not occur |
| hypertension | pressure is too high leaving the heart; capillary walls will burst (runs over a slow kid) |
| 3 ways to change the speed of blood throw (stop signs speed bumps and slow children at play signs): | friction blood viscosity turbulence |
| When you change friction levels where is this occurring? | between blood and vessel walls |
| friction depends on what two things: | vessel length and diameter (make more blood touch the wall slows it down) |
| How blood viscosity is increased: | dehydration or the person has a lot of stuff dissolved in their blood |
| what is turbulence: | swirling motion that disrupts smooth flow of a liquid |
| what is an example of turbulence: | rock in a river... equivalent to a plaque in a vessel |
| systole should be at.... | 120 mm mercury |
| Diastole should be at.... | 80 mm mercury |
| How to calculate pulse pressure: | difference between systole and diastole (120/80=40) |
| what is mean arteriole pressure? | diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure |
| Average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle is... | 85 mm Hg |
| MAP is abbreviation for.... | mean arteriole pressure |
| 3 factors that affect blood pressure: | cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance |
| how to increase CO: | exercise |
| in you increase CO, you what blood pressure? | increase blood pressure |
| if you decrease CO, you what blood pressure? | decrease blood pressure |
| how do decrease blood volume: | dehydration; hemorrhage |
| if you decrease blood volume, you what blood pressure? | decrease blood pressure |
| if you increase blood volume, you what blood pressure? | increase blood pressure |
| if you have greater resistance, describe its affect on blood flow and blood pressure: | decrease in flow and increase in blood pressure |
| if you have lower resistance, describe its affect on blood flow and blood pressure: | increase in flow and decrease in blood pressure |
| how to spell [sfig-moh-muh-nom-i-ter]: | Sphygmomanometer |
| What is a Sphygmomanometer? | blood pressure cuff |
| what artery do you measure blood pressure from? | brachial |
| what does vasodilation cause? | increased oxygen flow to cells and CO2 removal |
| during vasodilation what occurs? | heat loss |
| venous return is what? | the amount of blood arriving at the right atrium each minute |
| two things that help venous return: | muscular compression of peripheral veins; respiratory pumps |
| how does muscular compression of peripheral veins work? | compression of sk muscles pushes blood back to the heart via one way valves |
| describe how the respiratory pump works to change levels of venous return: | in the thoracic cavity; inhaling decreases thoracic pressure which creates a vacuum in the right atrium whereas exhaling increases thoracic pressure causing blood to go into the right atrium |
| how does increasing the diameter of a blood vessel affect the flow? | increases flow |
| why do capillaries have small diameter? | decrease speed of flow and thus gives time to exchange |
| 2 ways to get blood back to the heart that is deoxygenated: | calf muscle (gastrocnemius) and respiratory trunk |
| who are the only blood vessels who permit the 2 way exchange of materials? | capillaries |
| you want capillaries to have what pressure? | 0 |
| materials are moved across capillary walls via what three methods? | diffusion filtration reabsorption |
| reabsorption is the result of what? | osmotic pressure |
| BCOP stands for... what is it caused by? | blood colloid osmotic pressure; suspended blood proteins that are too large to cross capillary walls |
| What is the protein that causes 80% of BCOP? | Albumin |
| What is the opposing force to BCOP? | hydrostatic pressure |
| BCOP pulls what where? | fluids into capillaries |
| At the arteriole end of a capillary, fluid moves where? | out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid |
| At the venous end of a capillary, fluid moves where? | into the capillary from the interstitial fluid |
| What is net filtration pressure? | net hydrostatic pressure-net osmotic pressure (difference) |
| what is tissue perfusion? | how much blood is in the area |
| tissue perfusion is affected by what three things: | CO, BP, and peripheral resistance |
| cardiovascular regulation changes blood flow to specific regions how? | without changing blood flow and blood pressure to vital organs |
Created by:
smhoffman
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