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Chapter 8
The Genetics of Bacteria and Their Viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some of the advantages of Bacteria and Viruses? | 1. small, reproduce quickly, creates large populations 2. can be grown on culture media 3. simple structures and physiology 4. Genetic Variability is easy to detect |
| What do the nucleotide sequences of the genome provide about detailed information? | genetic control of metabolism in diverse microbial species and about their evolutionary relationships |
| Why is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus not associated with living systems? | 1. does not reproduce 2. does not develop 3. does not utilize energy 4. no response to environmental stimuli |
| What are bacteriophages? | viruses that infect bacteria |
| What is a plaque? | "hole" in a lawn of bacteria |
| Two types of Bacteriophages? | Virulent and Temperant |
| Bacteriophage T4 | large virus that stores its DNA in a capsule made of protein |
| Important components of the virus tail? | - central hallow core= phage DNA injects to bacterium - tail sheath= pushes tail core through bacteria cell wall -six tail fibers= locate receptors on the host cell -tail pins= attack to receptors |
| Bacteriophage lambda | smaller than T4 but life is more complex |
| What two pathways could circular alpha chromosome proceed? | 1. lytic pathway= reproduces and encodes enzymes that lyse the host cell, just like phage T4. 2. lysogenic= it is inserted into the chromosome of the host bacterium and thereafter is replicated along with that chromosome. |
| Episomes | are similar to plasmids, but episomes can replicate either autonomously or as part of the main chromosome—in an integrated state like the λ prophage. |
| What happens if bacteria is grown on semisolid medium? | each bacterium will divide and grow exponentially, producing a visible colony on the surface of the medium. |
| True or False : any mutation that slows the growth rate of the bacterium will produce small or petite colonies. | True |
| What are three distinct parasexual processes that occur in bacteria? | 1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction |
| Transformation | involves the uptake of free DNA molecules released from one bacterium (the donor cell) by another bacterium (the recipient cell). |
| Conjugation | involves the direct transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell |
| Transduction | involves the transfer of genes from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient cell through the help of a bacteriophage |
| What are the two simple criterias that can distinguish parasexual processes? | 1. Is the process sensitive to deoxyribonuclease (DNase), an enzyme that degrades DNA? 2. Does the process require cell contact? |
| two phenotypic characteristics of importance in Griffith’s demonstration of transformation | 1. the presence or absence of a polysaccharide (complex sugar polymer) capsule surrounding the bacterial cells 2. the type of capsule—that is, the specific molecular composition of the polysaccharides present in the capsule |
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