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KIN 3600
glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hexokinase | controls oxidation of glucose |
| Glycogen phosphorylate | controls oxidation of glycogen |
| Mc Ardle Disease | absence of phosphorylate -absence of gene |
| controls of anaerobic glycolytic enzymes activities | Allosteric regulators |
| Positive modulators PFK | = increase concentration of -ADP -Pi -Ca++ = switch that contracts muscle fibers |
| Negative modulators PFK | = increase concentration… -ATP -CP -Citrate -FFA -v pH |
| What happens if we have no lactic acid? | NAD cannot carry anymore hydrogen -Not able to come back (NAD) Helps high intensity level exercise which is needed for survival (20-60s of anaerobic exercise) |
| 3 oxidizing agents | NAD, FAD, OXYGEN |
| Formation of lactic acid | NADH+H+ Get rid of hydrogen & pyruvic acid |
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK) positive modulators | ADP , Pi, Ca++ , Cyclic AMP , ^pH |
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK) negative modulators | ATP , CP, Citrate , FFA , v pH |
| Effect of decreased pH | Inhibits the activity of most enzymes, especially PFK & phosphorylase – contributing to developing of fatigue |
| What happens if we have no lactic acid? | NAD cannot carry anymore hydrogen - Not able to come back (NAD) |
| Glycerol-phosphate shuttle system (skeletal) | NADH+H+ transfers its H+ s to mitochondrial FAD --> FADH2 |
| Malate-Aspartate shuttle (cardiac only) | NADH+H+ transfers its H+ atoms to mitochondrial NAD --> NADH+H+ |
| Substrate level phosphorylation | 2 mol ATP resynthesized in krebs cycle |
| Glucose | 32 ATP |
| Glycogen | 33 ATP 6 NADH 2 pyruvates Krebs 2x |
| where do pyruates diffuse? | mitochondrial membrane -lose 2H |
| substrate level phosphorylation | 2 Mol ATP re-synthesized in Krebs Cycle |
| Electron energy transport chain | -Electrons removed from NADH & FADH are passed along series of cytochromes -FADH enters cytochrome pathway below NADH. -FADH bypasses one site of energy transfer -NADHH (2.5ATP) & FADH (1.5ATP) -H from NADH FADH = O2 from metabolic water |
| oxidation | take away electrons |
| PFK - Phosphofrutokinase | key rate limiting enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis (glycogenolysis) |
| oxidizing agents in mitocondria | NAD - FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) |
| ETC directly utilizes...? | O2 as final electron acceptor |
| ETC rate limiting enzyme | cytochrome oxidase |
| Chemiosomatic Hypothesis | -Energy released from transfer is used to pump H+ from NADH&FADH across inner mitochondrial membrane into intramembranous space. -Accmulation H+ between inner&Outer membrane generates concentration & pH gradient across inner membrane. |
| Chemiosomatic enzyme pH gradient | ATP Synthase |
| Resynthesized ATP in chemiosomatic hypothesis trans-locates from mitochondria to Cytoplasm by and enzyme | ATP/ADP Translocase |
| ATP/ATP translocase | requires energy to exchange ATP with ADP and Pi across the mitochondrial membrane |
| TAC rate limiting enzyme | Isocitrate Dehydrogenase |
| TAC activated by | ^ ADP, Pi, NADH+ , Ca++ |
| TCA inactivated by | ^ ATP, NADH+H+ |
| ETC activated by | ^ ADP, Pi |
| ETC inactivated by | ^ ATP |
| Lipids | Fats |
| Lipids energetic value | 9 Kcal total = 110,000 |
| Lipids CHO value | 4 Kcal total = 2,000 |
| Fat storage | Adipose tissue & Skeletal muscle - both stores as triglycerides |
| oxidation of lipids | breakdown tryglycerides in the muscle 1 glycerol : 3 FAA |
| Glycerol metabolism | 19mol ATP in liver converted to glucose |
| Free Fatty acids activated by | ATP --> AMP + 2Pi + E --> Fatty-Acyl-CoA |
| Carnitine Shuttle | Fatty- Acyl- CoA transported unto mitochondria |
| Beta Oxidation | break down of fats |
| 18 carbon Fatty acids yield | 147 mol ATP |
| 16 carbon Fatty acids Yield | 129 mol ATP |
| 1 Mol glycerol through glycolysis + Krebs | 19 mol ATP |
| 3 mol of 18 carbon fatty acids through beta oxidation + Krebs | 441 (147 ATP x 3mol) |
| 1 mol glycerol + 3 mol of 18 carbon fatty acids total ATP yield | 460 ATP (19 +441) |
| What is more efficient in energy supplied in terms of unit weight | Fats |
| 1 mol of any gas | 22.4L |
| What is more efficient in energy supplied in terms of oxygen utilization | Carbohydrates -14% less O2 used to resynthesize 1 mol ATP |
| Total energy in stearic acid | 2,700 Kcal/Mol |
| well nourished individuals proteins supply about | 2% of total energy required for exercise |
| prolonged exercise more than 2 hrs protein supply | 5-15% total energy |
| deep starvation | almost 100% of energy |
| Malnourished a d low carbohydrate diet protein supply | significant larger amount of energy |
| During prolonged exercise proteins are used | to supply energy to maintain blood glucose homeostasis to supply intermediaries for krebs |
Created by:
rmart11
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