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Cit 173 final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Active Directory (AD) | A domain security database of user and computer information that is stored on domain controllers and referenced by domain member computers. |
| Azure AD join | Connects Windows 10 computers with a domain hosted in Windows Azure AD instead of an on-premises domain. |
| central processing unit (CPU) | A device responsible for the actual execution of instructions stored in applications and operating system code. Windows 10 supports 32 and 64 bit CPUs. |
| Continuum | The Windows 10 feature that automatically adjusts Windows 10 between desktop mode and tablet mode as the device state changes. |
| Continuum for phone | The feature for Windows 10 phones that allows external peripherals such as mouse, keyboard, monitor, or projectors to be used. |
| Cortana | A personalized virtual search assistant. Cortana can use voice recognition to accept commands from the user. |
| desktop mode | The traditional configuration for a Windows 10 computer that is optimized for use with a mouse and keyboard. |
| device driver | Software written by the developer of a hardware component that tells the operating system how to talk to and control the hardware. |
| domain controller (DC) | A server responsible for holding a domain security database which contains a list of user and computer account security data. |
| Domain Name System (DNS) | A standard service in the TCP/IP protocol used to define how computer names are translated into IP addresses. |
| Dynamic Link Library (DLL) | A file that holds application code modules. These modules are shared among applications, so the file is also called a library. DLL files can be replaced to update an application without having to replace the entire application. |
| Easy Upgrade | A simple upgrade process that can be used to upgrade Windows 10 Home to Windows 10 Professional. An Easy Upgrade is purchased through the Windows Store. |
| Encrypted File System (EFS) | A component of the NTFS file system that is responsible for encrypting individual files. Those files are not readable without the correct digital identification. |
| hyperthreading | A technique used in certain Intel processors to improve their overall performance by working on more than one thread at a time. |
| Long Term Service Branch (LTSB) | An update process to Windows 10 that allows devices to run a feature stable version of Windows 10 where the operating system is not expected to change configuration frequently. |
| Microsoft Edge | The new web browser in Windows 10 that replaces Internet Explorer. It is completely redesigned to avoid the legacy support issues encountered with Internet Explorer. |
| Mobile Device Management (MDM) | An administrative system that allows corporate administrators to deploy, secure, monitor and integrate mobile devices such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones into the corporate ecosystem. |
| Multifactor Authentication (MFA) | A security system that requires more than one method of proving someone or something is who or what it is declared to be. |
| multimaster replication | When a domain has multiple domain controllers, all domain controllers are capable of making changes to the security domain database they share. The changes are replicated from one domain controller to another. |
| multiprocessor | A term used to refer to a computer with more than one CPU. |
| multitasking | A term used to describe the appearance of more than one application sharing the CPU of the computer. To the user, the applications all seem to be running at the same time. |
| multitouch | A method of input on a touchscreen or a touchpad that allows two or more points of contact on a high-precision touch device. This enables precision gestures to interact with the Windows 10 environment. |
| NT File System (NTFS) | A standard for organizing files and folders on a hard disk partition. This standard is more complex than FAT but adds more management features. This is the preferred standard for storing files on a hard disk. |
| PIN | A personal identification number that allows users to identify themselves during the authentication or sign-in process. |
| Plug and Play technology | A general term used to describe hardware that can be plugged in to the computer system and removed at any time. The computer will recognize the hardware dynamically, load a device driver for it, and make it available to the user in a short period of time. |
| preemptive multitasking | A method for applications to share a CPU and appear that they are all running at the same time. |
| process | A term used to describe the files, memory, and application code that combine together to form a single running application. Each application running on a multitasking system is referenced by a single process. |
| processor affinity | A standard in which a process that starts in a computer with more than one CPU is usually assigned to that CPU again the next time it runs. |
| quantum | The amount of time allocated to a program running in a preemptive multitasking environment. Once a program’s quantum has expired, it must wait for the next available quantum. |
| Software Assurance (SA) | An option when purchasing Microsoft software that allows you to automatically receive the latest version of a product. For example, if you purchased Windows 8 with Software Assurance you would automatically be able to upgrade to Windows 10. |
| System on a Chip (SoC) | A hardware platform that combines multiple devices that would normally be found as discrete components inside a computer, but instead are combined into a single silicon chip. |
| tablet mode | The configuration for Windows 10 that is optimized for use with a touch screen. |
| Task View | An option available on the taskbar that allows you to switch between applications and virtual desktops. |
| thread | A piece of code that performs a specific single task. An application is written as one or more threads, each of which performs a specific task within the application. The thread is typically seen as a unit of work for the CPU to perform. |
| Trusted Platform Module (TPM) | A third-party standard to define a method of trusting the computer environment before an operating system is started. This helps to prevent the theft of a hard disk and placement of the disk in a foreign system to steal data. |
| universal apps | A developer platform strategy to enable the development of applications that can run on every Windows device phones, tablets, laptops, desktops, and Xbox gaming centers. |
| Universal Windows Platform (UWP) | A common application platform available on every device that runs Windows 10. The UWP provides a guaranteed core programming interface across devices. |
| Virtual Desktop | A new feature in Windows 10 that allows users to create multiple desktops with different applications and switch between them on a single monitor. |
| Windows as a Service (WaaS) | An update process for Windows 10 in which new features are continuously published and installed to existing Windows 10 installations. |
| Windows Hello | Biometric authentication functionality in Windows 10. At release Windows Hello supports fingerprints, facial recognition, and iris scanning. |
| Windows Peer-to-Peer Networking | A networking technology included in Windows Vista and later operating systems that allow clients to use IPv6 to communicate with each other over LANs or the Internet. |
| answer file | An XML file used during an unattended setup to provide configuration to Setup.exe. Windows 10 answer files are created by using Windows (SIM). |
| Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT) | A set of utilities and resources from Microsoft to help organizations run legacy software on Windows 10. |
| attended installation | An installation when a network administrator must be present to answer configuration questions presented during Windows 10 installation. |
| auditSystem configuration pass | This configuration pass is performed before user sign-in when Sysprep triggers Windows 10 into audit mode. |
| auditUser configuration pass | This configuration pass is performed after user sign-in when Sysprep triggers Windows 10 into audit mode. |
| autounattend.xml | An answer file that is automatically searched for during the windowsPE, offlineServicing, and specialize configuration passes. |
| catalog file | File used by Windows SIM to read the configurable settings and their current status for a WIM image. |
| clean installation | An installation that is performed on a new computer, or does not retain the user settings or applications of an existing computer. |
| configuration set | The subset of files from a distribution share that are required for a particular answer file. A configuration set is more compact than a distribution share. |
| DVD boot installation | An installation of Windows 10 that is started by booting from DVD to run Setup.exe. |
| Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) | A command-line tool that can be used to service Windows 10 images offline or online and perform imaging operations. |
| distribution share | A share configured through Windows SIM to hold drivers and packages that can be added to Windows 10 during installation. |
| distribution share installation | An installation of Windows 10 that is started by running Setup.exe over the network from a distribution share. |
| generalization | A process performed by Sysprep to prepare a computer running Windows 10 for imaging. The computer SID, computer name, and hardware information are removed during generalization. |
| generalize configuration pass | This configuration pass is performed when Sysprep is run to generalize Windows 10. |
| Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) | A low-level system driver in Windows 10 that controls communication between Windows 10 and the computer hardware. |
| image | A collection of files captured using DISM and stored in an image file. |
| image-based installation | |
| image file | A file that stores one or more images (typically operating system installations). The size of an image file is minimized through the use of single-instance storage when a file exists in multiple images. |
| offlineServicing configuration pass | The second configuration pass that is performed after the Windows image has been copied to the local hard drive. This configuration pass applies packages such as security updates, language packs, and device drivers before Windows 10 is started. |
| offline update | An offline update is applied to Windows 10 during installation before Windows 10 is started. The packages used for offline updates are supplied by Microsoft. |
| oobeSystem configuration pass | The final configuration pass before installation is complete, applied during the user out-of-box experience (OOBE). This configuration pass is typically used in conjunction with Sysprep and DISM. |
| product activation | A process put in place by Microsoft to reduce piracy. Unique information about your computer is sent to Microsoft to ensure that the package of Windows 10 purchased is installed on only a single computer. |
| provisioning | A new configuration process for Windows 10 that modifies the configuration of an already installed Windows 10 operating system to match corporate standards. Windows ICD creates provisioning packages that perform that configuration. |
| specialize configuration pass | The configuration pass that is performed after hardware has been detected. This is the most common configuration pass to apply settings. |
| Sysprep | A tool that is used to generalize Windows 10 and prepare computers for imaging. |
| System Audit Mode cleanup action | An option in Sysprep that triggers the computer to enter audit mode and run the auditSystem and auditUser configuration passes on reboot. |
| System Out-of-Box Experience cleanup action | An option in Sysprep that triggers the computer to run the oobeSystem configuration pass and start Windows Welcome on reboot. |
| unattend.xml | An answer file that is automatically searched for during the generalize, auditSystem, auditUser, and oobeSystem configuration passes. |
| unattended installation | An installation that does not require any user input because all necessary configuration information is provided by an answer file. |
| Universal Naming Convention (UNC) | A naming system used by Windows computers to locate network file shares and network printers. The format is \\servername\sharename. |
| upgrade installation | An installation that migrates all of the settings from a preexisting Windows operating system to Windows 10. |
| User State Migration Tool (USMT) | A set of scriptable command-line utilities that are used to migrate user settings and files from a source computer to a destination computer. USMT is typically used by large organizations during deployments of desktop operating systems. |
| Volume Activation Management Tool (VAMT) | A tool that can be installed to provide volume activation with KMS activation keys used with volume licensing. It is equivalent to the Volume Activation Service in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2016. |
| Windows 10 Assessment and Deployment Kit (ADK) | A collection of utilities and documentation for automating the deployment of Windows 10. |
| Windows Imaging and Configuration Designer (ICD) | A utility that is used to create provisioning packages for Windows 10. Windows ICD can also create bootable media that includes a Windows 10 installation image and a provisioning package |
| Windows Imaging Format (WIM) | A file-based image format developed by Microsoft to store multiple images in a single file. |
| Windows PE | A limited version of Windows that can be used to perform recovery tasks and install Windows 10. |
| Windows System Image Manager (SIM) | A utility that is used to create answer files for Windows 10 unattended installations. Windows SIM can also create distribution shares and configuration sets. |
| Windows To Go | A portable version of Windows 10 that can be created on a USB drive. |
| windowsPE configuration pass | The first configuration pass performed during Setup, which can be used to perform tasks such as disk partitioning and entering the product key. |
| Action Center | A place where you can review and resolve system messages. |
| Administrative Tools | A group of MMC consoles that are used to manage Windows 10. Computer Management, Event Viewer, and Services are the most commonly used. |
| Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) | The current standard for power management that is implemented in Windows 10 and by computer manufacturers. |
| Away Mode | An instant-on power saving mode that keeps the system in the S0 state. |
| cmdlet | |
| Computer Management | One of the most commonly used administrative tools. This MMC console contains the snap-ins to manage most Windows 10 components. |
| Control Panel | An alternative location to configure Windows 10 settings. Used when advanced settings are not available in Settings. |
| Defragment and Optimize Drives | An administrative tool that moves file blocks around in the disk to make individual files contiguous and faster to access. |
| device driver | Software that manages the communication between Windows 10 and a particular hardware component. |
| device driver signing | A system that ensures that a device driver is from a known publisher and that the device driver has not been modified since it was signed. |
| Device Manager | An MMC snap-in that is used to manage hardware components and their device drivers. |
| Disk Cleanup | An administrative tool that identifies temporary files that are no longer required and provides an option to remove them. |
| driver store | A central location in Windows 10 where drivers are located before they are installed. A large set of drivers is included with Windows 10. |
| Ease of Access | A collection of settings to make Windows 10 easier to use for those who have physical, visual, or hearing impairment. |
| Event Viewer | An MMC console that is used to view messages generated and logged by Windows 10, applications, and services. |
| File Signature Verification utility | A utility (sigverif.exe) that verifies the digital signature on operating system files and device drivers. |
| hybrid sleep | The sleep method used by Windows 10 that combines the S3 state and S4 state. When the computer moves to the S3 state, it also saves the memory file required for the S4 state. |
| iSCSI | A protocol for transferring files between a computer and external disk storage over an Ethernet network. |
| Microsoft Management Console (MMC) | A graphical interface shell that provides a structured environment to build management utilities. |
| MMC console | A collection of one or more snap-ins that are saved as an .msc file for later use. |
| MMC snap-in | A small software component that can be added to an MMC console to provide functionality. An MMC snap-in typically manages some part of Windows. |
| Modern Sleep | A new “instant on” sleep mode in Windows 10. The computer remains in the S0 state but powers down as much hardware as possible. |
| multiple desktops | A new feature in Windows 10 that allows you to switch between multiple desktops on a single monitor. Each desktop can have different applications. |
| multiple monitors | Attaching two or more displays to a single computer. The information can be exactly the same on each display, or each display can be used independently by using extended mode. |
| Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) | A standard mechanism for applications to access databases. |
| Performance Monitor | An MMC console used to monitor and troubleshoot the performance of your computer. |
| pixel | A single dot on a display. |
| power plan | A set of configuration options for power management. The Balanced, Power saver, and High performance power plans are created by default. |
| powercfg.exe | A command-line utility for configuring power management. |
| S0 state | An ACPI power saving mode that disables power to specific devices as requested by the operating system, but keeps the overall system running. |
| S3 state | An ACPI power saving mode that disables power to all devices except RAM. |
| S4 state | An ACPI power saving mode that saves the contents of RAM to disk and then disables power to all devices including RAM. |
| screen resolution | The number of pixels that are displayed on your display. |
| service | A Windows application that runs in the background without user interaction. |
| Services | An MMC console used to manage Windows services. |
| Settings | A central interface for managing common Windows 10 settings. It is available from the Start menu. |
| System Configuration | The Administrative Tool that gives you access to control the boot configuration, service startup, application startup, and system tools. |
| Task Scheduler | A utility that allows you to schedule tasks to run at a particular time or based on specific events occurring. |
| Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool | A utility used to perform tests on the physical memory of a computer. |
| Windows PowerShell | An enhanced command-line interface that can be used to perform administrative tasks. |
| Windows PowerShell ISE | An integrated scripting environment for Windows PowersShell that includes color coding as you type and debugging functionality. |
| Access Control Entries (ACE) | A specific entry in a file or folder’s ACL that uniquely identifies a user or group by its security identifier and the action it is allowed or denied to take on that file or folder. |
| Access Control List (ACL) | For those file systems that support ACLs for files and folders, such as NTFS, the ACL is a property of every file and folder in that file system. It holds a collection (that is, list) of ACE items |
| basic disk | An older, IBM-originated method used to organize disk space for x86 computers into primary, extended, and logical partitions. Basic disk technology is supported by many legacy operating systems and may be required in certain multiboot configurations. |
| Disk Management console | An MMC console snap-in used to administer hard disks in Windows 10. |
| DiskPart | |
| disk quota | A system of tracking owners for file data within an NTFS-formatted partition or volume and the total disk space consumed by each owner. Limits or warning can be established to restrict disk space usage. |
| dynamic disk | A method for organizing disks introduced in Windows 2000 as a replacement for basic disks, but was never very popular. Dynamic disks can have a large number of volumes and also support some fault tolerant disk configurations. |
| File Allocation Table (FAT) | A file system used to organize files and folders in a partition or volume. The common versions of FAT supported by Windows 10 include FAT, FAT32 and exFAT. |
| Master Boot Record (MBR) | The Master Boot Record exists at the very first sector of an IBM-formatted hard disk. |
| mount point | An empty folder in an NTFS-formatted file system that is used to point to another FAT, FAT32, or NTFS partition. |
| New Technology File System (NTFS) | A file system introduced with Windows NT. NTFS supports advanced features to add reliability, security, and flexibility that file systems such as FAT and FAT32 do not have. |
| partition table | A data structure contained in the MBR that is used to identify reserved areas of disk space for hard disks formatted for x86 computers. |
| Resilient File System (ReFS) | A file system introduced with Windows Server 2012 that supports basic NTFS-like features and self-healing technology for resilient bulk file storage when used together with Storage Spaces technology. |
| storage pool | A logical collection of disks that have been allocated to Storage Spaces. Disks must be assigned to a storage pool before Storage Spaces can use them. |
| storage space | A virtual disk created from the space made available by a storage pool in Storage Spaces. |
| Storage Spaces | Microsoft’s software-based disk pooling technology that allows for different levels of resiliency to disk failure and provides virtualized volume storage within the disk pool. |
| Thunderbolt | A trade name for a high speed hardware based interface to connect external devices to a computer, co-developed by Apple and Intel |
| virtual hard disk (VHD) | A file that is internally structured to store data like a file system. A VHD can be attached in Windows 10 and the contents accessed like a hard drive |
| volume | A term used to refer to a region of disk space reserved to store file data. The term is used to generically refer to both dynamic disk volumes and basic disk partitions. |
| administrator account | The type of user account that is made a member of the Administrators local group and has full rights to the system. |
| Administrator account | The built-in Windows 10 account that is created during installation and has full rights to the system. This account cannot be deleted or removed by the Administrators group. |
| assigned access | A sign-in option that you can configure for a single local user account that restricts the user to using only an assigned Windows Store app; often used to configure Windows 10 as a kiosk. |
| biometric authentication | Authentication that is based on physical characteristics of the user such as a finger print or facial recognition. |
| built-in local groups | Groups that are automatically created for each Windows 10 computer and stored in the SAM database. |
| cached credentials | Credentials that are stored in Windows 10 after a user has signed in to a domain or Microsoft account. Cached credentials can be used to sign in when a domain controller cannot be contacted or when there is no network connectivity. |
| default profile | The profile that is copied when new user profiles are created. |
| domain-based network | A network where security information is stored centrally in Active Directory. |
| fast user switching | Allows multiple users to have applications running at the same time. However, only one user can be using the console at a time. |
| folder redirection | A feature that redirects profile folders from the local computer to a network location. |
| Guest account | A built-in Windows 10 account with minimal privileges intended to give very limited access to Windows 10. This account is disabled by default. |
| initial account | The account with administrative privileges created during the installation of Windows 10. |
| local user account | A user account that is defined in the SAM database of a Windows 10 computer. Local user accounts are valid only for the local computer. |
| Local Users and Groups MMC snap-in | An MMC snap-in that is used to manage users and groups. |
| mandatory profile | A profile that cannot be changed by users. NTUSER.DAT is renamed to NTUSER.MAN. |
| Microsoft account | An account that is stored online by Microsoft. You can use it to authenticate to multiple Microsoft cloud services and Windows 10. |
| Microsoft Passport | A n multifactor authentication system in Windows 10 that enhances security by avoiding the use of a user name and password. Biometric authentication on the client allows access to the remote system. |
| NTUSER.DAT | The file containing user-specific registry entries in a user profile. |
| pass-through authentication | Automatic authentication to a remote resource when the local computer passes the local credentials to the remote computer. |
| peer-to-peer network | A network where all computers store their own security information and share data. |
| picture password authentication | An authentication method where you trace gestures on a picture. |
| PIN authentication | An authentication method where you enter a device specific PIN rather than a user name and password. |
| public profile | A profile that is merged with all other user profiles. The public profile does not contain an NTUSER.DAT file. |
| roaming profile | A user profile that is stored in a network location and is accessible from multiple computers. Roaming profiles move with users from computer to computer. |
| secure sign-in | Adds the requirement to press Ctrl+Alt+Delete before signing in. |
| Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database | The database used by Windows 10 to store local user and group information. |
| Security Identifier (SID) | A user- or group-specific number that is added to the access control list of a resource when a user or group is assigned access. |
| smart card | A physical card containing a certificate that can be used as an authentication method. |
| standard user account | A type of user account that does not have privileges to modify settings for other users. This type of account is a member of the Users local group. |
| trusted platform module (TPM) | A chip on the motherboard of a computer that is designed to securely store encryption keys and certificates. |
| user account | |
| User Accounts applet | A legacy interface for user management in Control Panel. |
| user profile | A collection of desktop and environment configurations for a specific user or group of users. By default, each user has a separate profile stored in C:\Users. |
| virtual smart card | An authentication method similar to a smart card, but the certificate is stored in a TPM on the motherboard rather than on a physical card. |
| Windows Hello | Biometric authentication functionality in Windows 10. At release Windows Hello supported fingerprints, facial recognition, and iris scanning. |
| account lockout policy | A collection of settings, such as lockout duration, that control account lockouts. |
| application manifest | An XML file that describes the structure of an application, including required DLL files and privilege requirements. |
| AppLocker | A feature in Windows 10 that is used to define which programs are allowed to run. This is a replacement for the software restriction policies found in Windows XP and Windows Vista, but it is not available in Windows 10 Pro. |
| asymmetric encryption algorithm | An encryption algorithm that uses two keys to encrypt and decrypt data. Data encrypted with one key is decrypted by the other key. |
| audit policy | The settings that define which operating system events are audited. |
| auditing | The security process that records the occurrence of specific operating system events in the Security log. |
| BitLocker Drive Encryption | A feature in Windows 10 that can encrypt the operating system partition of a hard drive and protect system files from modification. Other partitions can also be encrypted. |
| BitLocker To Go | A new feature in Windows 10 that allows you to encrypt removable storage. |
| Encrypting File System (EFS) | An encryption technology for individual files and folders that can be enabled by users. |
| Full Volume Encryption Key (FVEK) | The key used to encrypt the Volume Master Key (VMK) when BitLocker Drive Encryption is enabled. |
| hashing algorithm | A one-way encryption algorithm that creates a unique identifier that can be used to determine whether data has been changed. |
| local security policy | A set of security configuration options in Windows 10. These options are used to control user rights, auditing, password settings, and more. |
| malware | Malicious software designed to perform unauthorized acts on your computer. Malware includes viruses, worms, and spyware. |
| password policy | A collection of settings to control password characteristics such as length and complexity. |
| Secedit | A command-line tool that is used to apply, export, or analyze security templates. |
| Security Configuration and Analysis tool | An MMC snap-in that is used to apply, export, or analyze security templates. |
| security template | An .inf file that contains security settings that can be applied to a computer or analyzed against a computer’s existing configuration. |
| symmetric encryption algorithm | An encryption algorithm that uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data. |
| User Account Control (UAC) | A feature in Windows 10 that elevates user privileges only when required. |
| Volume Master Key (VMK) | The key used to encrypt hard drive data when BitLocker Drive Encryption is enabled. |
| Windows Defender | Antimalware software included with Windows 10. |
| 802.1x | A IEEE standard designed to enhance security of wireless networks by authenticating a user to a central authority. |
| 802.11 | A group of IEEE standards that define how to transfer data over wireless networks. |
| address prefix | The network portion of an IPv6 address. |
| alternate IP configuration | A set of static IP configuration information that is used instead of APIPA when a computer is unable to contact a DHCP server. |
| anycast | An IPv6 unicast address that has been assigned to multiple devices. Only one closest device responds to requests on this address. |
| arp | A command-line utility that can be used to display and manage the ARP table. |
| Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) | A system used to automatically assign an IP address on the 169.254.x.x network to a computer that is unable to communicate with a DHCP server. |
| broadcast address | An address that indicates the destination for that packet is all available computers. |
| Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) | A notation technique that summarizes the number of binary bits in an IP address that identify the network an IP address belongs to |
| client | A client allows you to communicate with a particular service running on a remote computer. |
| Client for Microsoft Networks | The client that allows Windows 10 to access files and printers shared on other Windows computers by using the SMB protocol. |
| default gateway | A router on the local network that is used to deliver packets to remote networks. |
| Domain Name System (DNS) | A system for converting computer host names to IP addresses. |
| domain network | The location type that is used when a computer joined to a domain is on the domain network, for example, a corporate office. |
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) | An automated mechanism to assign IP addresses and IP configuration information over the network. |
| File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks | The service that allows Windows 10 to share files and printers by using the SMB protocol. |
| fully qualified domain name (FQDN) | The full name of a host on the network including its host and domain name. For example, the FQDN www.microsoft.com includes the host name www and the domain name microsoft.com. |
| getmac | A command-line utility that can be used to display the MAC address for network adapters on a system. |
| homegroup network | A feature that allows file sharing between computers on a private network without a complicated setup process. |
| hostname | A command-line utility that can be used to identify the name of the computer. |
| IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) | A professional society that promotes and nurtures the development of standards used in the application of electronic technology. |
| Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) | A Windows 10 feature that allows multiple computers to share an Internet connection by performing NAT. |
| Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) | The standard protocol used on corporate networks and the Internet. |
| Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) | An updated version of TCP/IPv4 with a much larger address space. |
| IP address | The unique address used by computers on an IPv4 or IPv6 network. An IPv4 address is commonly displayed in dotted decimal notation. For example, 10.10.0.50. |
| ipconfig | A command-line utility that can be used to display and manage IP address settings for network interfaces on a computer. |
| IPsec | A protocol that is used to secure and authenticate an IPv4 connection. |
| Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) | A protocol that defines methods for name resolution of local neighboring computers without using DNS. |
| location type | Describes the type of network: public, private, or domain. Different configuration settings are applied based on the location type. |
| loopback address | The IP address 127.0.0.1 that is used to represent the local computer itself on the network. |
| multicast | A type of address that is shared by multiple computers or devices. All hosts in the multicast group listen for communication on the shared address and all can respond. |
| nbtstat | A command-line utility that can be used to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP. |
| netsh | A command-line utility that can be used to display, change, add, and delete network configuration settings on a computer, including basic and advanced settings. |
| netstat | A command-line utility that can be used to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections. |
| network address translation (NAT) | A system that allows multiple computers to share a single IP address when connecting to the Internet. |
| Network and Sharing Center | A central location to view network status and configure network settings. |
| network discovery | A setting that controls how your computer views other computers on the network and advertises its presence on the network. |
| network driver | The software responsible for enabling communication between Windows 10 and the network device in your computer. |
| network location awareness | The ability for Windows 10 to detect when it is connected to a different network and perform actions based on the change. |
| nslookup | A command-line utility that can be used to view or debug the data returned from a DNS server in response to a DNS name resolution query. |
| pathping | A command-line utility that can be used to test IP communications between the computer running the utility and a remote target. |
| ping | A command-line utility that can be used to test IP communications between the computer running the utility and a remote target. |
| Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) | A protocol used to secure connections over most DSL lines. |
| private network | The location type that is used for trusted networks where limited security is required, for example, a small office. |
| protocol | A standard set of rules that defines how different components of a system operate together. |
| public network | The location type that is used for untrusted networks where high security is required, for example, a public wireless hotspot. |
| route | A command-line utility that can be used to display and manage the routing table. |
| routing table | A data table that is used by Windows 10 to select the next IP address data must be delivered to, to ultimately deliver data to a given target address. |
| Security Set Identifier (SSID) | A unique ID that identifies a wireless access point to the wireless networking clients that send data to it. |
| Server Message Block (SMB) | The protocol used for Windows-based file and printer sharing. |
| service | Provides functionality to remote clients over the network. |
| Stateless automatic address configuration | In IPv6, this is automatic address configuration obtained from the network routers. |
| Stateful automatic address configuration | In IPv6, this is automatic address configuration by using DHCPv6. |
| subnet mask | A number that defines which part of an IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID. |
| Teredo | A system to tunnel IPv6 addressed packets over an IPv4 network, even if NAT is used on the IPv4 network. |
| tracert | A command-line utility that can be used to trace the routers involved in establishing an IP communication path between the computer running the command and a target address. |
| unicast | A type of network address that is assigned to a single computer or device. |
| WPA2-Enterprise | A modern security type for wireless networks that uses 802.1x authentication. |
| WPA2-Personal | A modern security type for wireless networks that uses a preshared key for authentication. |
| Windows Firewall | A host-based firewall included with Windows 10 that can perform inbound and outbound packet filtering. |
| Windows Firewall and Advanced Security utility | An utility that is used to configure Windows Firewall and IPsec rules. |
| Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) | A system used to resolve computer NetBIOS names to IP addresses. |
| wireless access point (WAP) | A device that allows wireless devices to connect through it to a wired network. |
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