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outline 17
Comparative Physiology- Renner Lecture 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the four potential sites for gas exchange in amphibians? what is used in most amphibians | skin, gills, buccal cavity, lungs in most amphibians, a combination of three of these is used |
| in amphibians, all (or ~85%) of CO2 is eliminated by this mechanism. Regardless of temperature | cutaneous diffusion |
| cutaneous uptake of O2 depends on this | ambient temperature |
| what gas exchange mechanism is used during hibernation in amphibians | cutaneous exchange |
| as T increases in amphibians, what happens to the cutaneous exchange mechanism | a greater percentage of O2 is exchanged by the lungs, at 25C ~2/3 is by lungs, 1/3 cutaneous |
| what creatures have gills | tadpoles and some adult frogs salamanders |
| urodele amphibians | salamanders |
| anurans | frogs |
| in frogs gills are covered with _________________ derived from the ____________________ | operculum, integument |
| these organisms have external gills | adult salamanders |
| frog tadpoles use this mechanism which is somewhat analogous to fish | buccal pumping |
| salamanders use this to move external gills in H2O | muscle contractions |
| level of movement of external gills in salamanders depends on | O2 tension in water Temperature |
| how does buccopharyngeal pumping work | recirculates air in the buccal cavity for exchange between pulmonary cycles |
| O2 is absorbed from recirculated air by | buccal cavity |
| describe Lungs in amphibians (mention vascularization) | highly vascularized sacs with central opening have minimal to modest degrees of folding (sacs) |
| lungs in amphibians are | unicameral |
| ventilation mechanism in frogs | -decrease P in buccal cav by depressing buccal floor increasing V. air in mouth/nares -buccal floor raised, nares close. high buccal P, air into lungs -close glottis to keep air in lungs -buccopharyngeal pumping -elastic recoil lungs, air out nares |
| how do some amphibian species perform buccopharyngeal pumping | alternately raising/lowering buccal floor and since the glottis is closed, pulmonary air stays in the lungs |
| when does expiration occur in amphibian ventilation | when the glottis opens and elastic recoil of the lungs forces pulmonary air out through the nares |
| how do frogs ventilate | by using buccal pressure to fill the lungs |
| birds and mammals are endothermic, how does that affect their gas exchange | in order to maintain body temp (endothermic), respiration is continuous and large amounts of O2 are required |
| lung size in mammals vs amphibians | humans' lungs have 15x bigger surface area compared to amphibians taking mass into account humans lungs are multicameral |
| how does air reach lungs in mammals | through a conduit system |
| how branched are the bronchi in mammals | each bronchus subdivides up to 27 times until the terminal bronchioles are reached |
| what is covered with cartilage in the mammal conduit respiration system | larger divisions–trachea, bronchi |
| what are the bronchioles covered with | smooth muscle walls |
| components of respiratory zone in mammals | respiratory bronchioles which end in alveolar sacs that contain multiple alveoli |
| what is the conduit system termed in mammals | anatomical dead space because it is not involved in gas exchange ~150 mL |
| a term for quite, tidal ventilation in mammals, which is employed most of the time | eupnea |
| nasal hairs in nares function to | filter for large dust particles |
| convoluted structures lined with mucus secreting epithelium | nasal cavities |
| nares empty into | nasal cavities |
| upper portion of nasal cavities contains | olfactory epithelium |
| lower posterior portion of nasal cavities contain | highly vascularized and contain goblet cells |
| ciliated epithelial cells that secrete mucus | goblet cells |
| functions of mucus | moisten/humidify air as it enters respiratory system trap dust particles bc its sticky/wet |
| convoluted pathway in nasal cavities allows for | mucus to trap dust particles |
| nasal cavities' convoluted pathway allows dust particles to be trapped, that is termed | turbulent percipitation |
| move particles toward pharynx to be swallowed or spit out | cilia |
| cilia beating particles toward pharynx to be expelled by either swallowing or spitting it out is termed | escalator effect |
| functional unit of respiration in mammals | alveoli |
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rusulali97
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