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OB Ch12
Observational Behaviour Chapter 12, Scandura 2nd Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Four types of initial communication | Activity level Conversational engagement Emphasis Vocal mirroring |
| Activity level | How much time a person is speaking during the conversation |
| Conversational engagement | How much influence one person has on the turn-taking process of speaking |
| Emphasis | Variation in the person's tone, stress, and rhythm |
| Vocal mirroring | Copying of others' behaviors (e.g., body movements, facial expressions, speech...) |
| Organization communication | The process by which individuals stimulate meaning in the minds of other individuals by means of verbalor nonverbal messages in the context of a formal organization |
| Organization communication | "Social glue that ties organizations together" |
| Shannon-Weaver model of communication | two-party communication process...key elements: The sender Encoding The channel Decoding The receiver |
| The sender | Source transmission, selects desired message (e.g., leader prepares speech for her employees) |
| Encoding | Transformation of the message into signal (e.g., leader makes speech to employees so leader is encoder) |
| The channel | Medium that transmits the message (e.g., leader's voice or projector that shows slides) |
| Decoding | Receiver decodes the message, translating what is seen and heard into an understanding of the message (may have noise) |
| Noise | Any communication barrier that may affect how a person interprets a message |
| The receiver | Person who receive the message, may be noise on this part as well (e.g., receiver not paying attention or distracted) |
| Communication apprehension (CA) | An individual's level of fear or anxiety with either real or anticipated communication with another person |
| Communication apprehension (CA) | Anxiety or fear suffered by an individual of either actual or anticipated communication, with a group or a person, that can profoundly affect their oral communication, social skills, and self-esteem |
| Two types of communication apprehension (CA) | Trait-based State-based |
| Trait-based CA | Affects a person's ability to communicate with others across a variety of situations |
| State-based CA | Triggered by specific situations, such as being required to give a speech |
| Active listening | The way of listening that is a creative, active, sensitive, accurate, empathic, nonjudgmental listening |
| Barriers to effective communication can be | Communication apprehension Language |
| One component to active listening is | It demonstrates moderate to high nonverbal involvement |
| One component to active listening is | It reflects the speaker's message using verbal paraphrasing |
| One component to active listening is | It may include asking questions that encourage speakers to elaborate on his or her experiences |
| Wheel network | All communication flows through one person, who is most likely the group leader |
| Wheel network | Most centralized communication network |
| Circle communication network | Each person can communicate with two others located adjacent to them |
| The all-channel (or star) network | More decentralized and allows a free flow of information among all group members |
| Chain network | Gives a flow of information among members |
| T-pattern network | Slightly less centralized than all-channel network since two persons are closer to the center of the network |
| External communication | Information that is shared with the public through marketing and public relation efforts |
| Internal communication | The communication transactions between individuals and/or groups at various levels and in different areas of specialization that is intended to design and redesign organization, to implement designs, and to co-ordinate day-to-day activities |
| Generally, communications | Flow downward, essential to explain new policies or help an organization adapt to change |
| Lateral communication | Takes place among peers or members of same team/group. May either support or challenge information received in downward communication |
| Lateral communication | May reflect conflicts among team members that negatively impact satisfaction and performance |
| Upward communication | Process by which employees communicate with others who are higher in the hierarchy |
| Grapevine | Information from rumors and gossips but is still an important source of information for leaders |
| Grapevine | Emerges when situation is: Important Ambiguous Causes anxiety |
| Grapevine | Three characteristics: Not controlled by management Perceived as being more believable and reliable Largely used to serve self-interest of those willing to communicate |
| Cross-cultural communication | Compares one culture to another |
| Intercultural communication | Focuses on behavior of two individuals' communication patterns |
| Nonverbal communication | The sending and receiving of thoughts and feelings via nonverbal behavior |
Created by:
ltt
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