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Lymphatic/Immune PtI
A&P II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathogens | Organisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, cancer, toxins). |
| Lymphocytes | Respond to invading pathogens, foreign proteins (i.e. bacterial toxins), and abnormal body cells (cancer). |
| Innate Immunity | Natural, non-specific anatomical barriers. |
| Innate physical barriers | Skin: thick layer of dead cells in the epidermis provides protection. Mucous membranes: mucous film on these membranes traps microbes. |
| Innate chemical barriers | Lysozyme in years is an antibacterial agent. Gastric juice (HCl) in stomach is highly acidic (pH 2-3), which destroys bacteria. |
| Types of innate immunity. | 1. Physical barriers 2. Chemical barriers 3. Inflammation 4. Fever 5. Phagocytes |
| Adaptive Immunity | Acquired, specific, developed over time by the body. |
| Types of adaptive immunity | 1. Specific defense after innate; developed after exposure to antigens. 2. Retain memory for every individual antigen encountered. 3. Actively acquired or passively (vaccine) acquired. |
| Lymph | Fluid similar to plasma but does not have plasma proteins. |
| Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) | Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. |
| Organization of the Lymphatic System | 1. Lymph 2. Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) 3. Lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs 4. Lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other immune system cells |
| Primary Lymph Tissues and Organs | Where lymphocytes are formed and mature: Red bone marrow Thymus gland |
| Secondary Lymph Tissues and Organs | Where lymphocytes are activated and cloned (identical reproductions): Appendix Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsils MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) |
| Functions of Lymphatic System | -Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes to defend against infection and environment. -Immune cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, and macrophages) travel to sites of injury/infection ~Circulate constantly in bloodstream ~Can leave capillaries and en |
| Lymphatic capillaries (terminal lymphatics) | Also known as Terminal Lymphatics -Smallest lymph vessels - Peripheral tissue branches |
| Small lymphatic vessels | - Carry lymph from the lymphatic capillaries towards the trunk. - Light gold or copper in color. - Similar to veins. |
| Major lymph-collecting vessels | Superficial lymphatics Deep lymphatics |
| How are Lymphatic Capillaries different from Blood Capillaries? | 1. Begins as pockets instead of tubes 2. Larger diameters 3. Thinner walls 4. Look flattened or irregular when seen in cross-section |
| How are Small Lymphatic Vessels similar to Veins? How are they different? | SIMILAR - Have valves (bulging appearance) for one way flow. - Aided by skeletal muscle contractions. DIFFERENT -Smaller than veins. -More numerous. |
| Major Lymph-Collecting Vessels: Superficial Lymphatics | - Subcutaneous layer of skin - Mucous membranes (digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive) - Serous membranes (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal) |
| Major Lymph-Collecting Vessels: Deep Lymphatics | Accompany deep veins and arteries supplying skeletal muscle + organs. |
| Lymphatic Trunks | Where superficial and deep lymphatics meet. Trunks empty into two large collection vessels. |
| Thoracic Duct | - Collects all lymph from below diaphragm + left side of body above diaphragm. - Cisterna Chyli: sac that receives all lymph from below diaphragm. |
| Right Lymphatic Duct | -Collects lymph from right side above diaphragm. -Smallest of the two large collection vessels. |
| Lymphedema | -Blockage of lymphatic drainage. - Accumulated interstitial (tissue) fluid. - May pose risk of infection. - Stagnant, toxic pathogens can accumulate and overwhelm local defenses without fully activating immune system. |
| What risk does Lymphedema present? | Infection -Stagnant, toxic pathogens can accumulate and overwhelm local defenses without fully activating immune system. |
| Three classes of Lymphocytes | 1. T cells (thymus-dependent) 2. B cells (bone marrow-derived) 3. NK cells (natural killer) |
| Of the circulating lymphocytes, what percentage are T cells? | 80% |
| What are the main types of T cells? | - *Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells - *Memory T cells - *Helper T (T H) cells - *Suppressor T (Ts) cell -regulatory T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells | -Attack cells infected by viruses -Produce cell-mediated immunity |
| Memory T cells | -Formed in response to foreign substance -Remain in body to give "immunity" |
| Helper T cells | -Stimulate function of T cells and B cells |
| Suppressor T cells | -Inhibit function of T cells and B cells when immune response needs to end (crisis over) |
| Regulatory T cells | -Are helper and suppressor T cells -Control sensitivity of immune response |
| Of the circulating lymphocytes, what percentage are B cells? | 10-15% |
| What are the types of cells B cells differentiate into? | -Plasma cells -Memory cells |
| What is the function of B cells? | -Produce and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulin proteins) -Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity b/c antibodies are found in body fluids) |
| Antibodies | -Also called immunoglobulins -Made by B cells (plasma cells) -Plasma proteins that bind to a specific antigen |
| Antigens | -Targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound -Usually, antigens are the actual pathogens themselves -Marked for death by antibodies |
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity (humoral immunity) | -From B cells (plasma cells) -Starts a chain of events that destroys the target compound or organism -Initiated by antibody-antigen binding (Antibody-Antigen Complex) |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | -Also called large granular lymphocytes -Provide innate, non-specific immunity (you were born with Natural Killer cells!) -Responsible for immunological surveillance -Attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells |
| Of the circulating lymphocytes, what percentage are NK cells? | 5-10% |
| What is the ratio of T cells to B cells? | 8:1 |
| Where are B cells seldom found? | Thymus |
| How do lymphocytes wander through tissues? | Enter blood vessels or lymphatics for transport to site of emergency. |
| How long can lymphocytes potentially live? | Years! (80% for 4 years, some more than 20 years) |
| T cells move | Fast |
| B cells move | Slow (making antibodies) |
| Lymphopoiesis occurs in the | Red Bone Marrow, Thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues. |
| Lymphopoiesis in RBM and Thymus: Group 1 | Stem cells make immature B cells and NK cells -Remains in RBM -Immature B cells are wrapped in extensions of Stromal Cells |
| Lymphopoiesis in RBM and Thymus: Group 2 | Stem cells migrate to thymus to make T cells -Migrate to thymus -Isolated by Blood-Thymus Barrier and divide repeatedly, producing all the kinds of T cells - (Only 2% are selected to join team! 98% are apoptosed) |
| Lymphoid Tissues | 1. Nodules -Small, localized collection of lymphoid tissue. 2. Tonsils -Large lymphoid nodules in walls of pharynx. 3. M.A.L.T. -Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. |
| Nodules | -Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. -Small, localized collection of lymphoid tissue, usually located in the loose connective tissue Beneath Wet Epithelial (covering or lining) Membranes, as in the digestive system, respiratory system, and urina |
| Tonsils | -Large lymphoid nodules. -Most people have FIVE tonsils in the wall of the pharynx. |
| What are the five tonsils in the wall of the pharynx? | -L. & R. Palatine tonsils (2) -Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) -Lingual tonsils at base of tongue (2) |
| M.A.L.T. | -Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. -Clusters of lymphoid tissue protecting epithelial of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. -PEYER'S PATCHES -Small Intestine epithelial lining -Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules = Peyer's P |
| Lymphoid Organs | -Lymphoid tissue surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule -Lymph nodes -Thymus -Spleen |
| Lymph Node | -Small lymphoid organs found throughout body -Particularly concentrated at neck, axillae, groin |
| Lymph node structure | -Trabeculae -Hilum -Afferent Lymphatics -Efferent Lymphatics |
| Trabeculae | -Bundles of collagen fibers -Extend from capsule into interior of lymph nodes |
| Hilum | A shallow Indentation where blood vessels and nerves Enter the lymph node |
| Afferent Lymphatics | -Carry lymph to node from peripheral tissues. -TOWARD! |
| Efferent Lymphatics | -Leave lymph node at hilum -Carry lymph to venous circulation AWAY! |
| What is the function of the lymph node? | -Purifies Lymph before it returns to venous circulation -Removes debris -Removes debris, pathogens, 99% of antigens -Fixed Macrophages live in the walls of the lymphatic sinuses and eat debris and pathogens as they flow by -Macrophages are Antig |
| Antigen-Presentation | Macrophages chew up the pathogen and place a piece of it (antigen) on their own cell surface, presenting it to nearby lymphocytes for recognition. |
| Thymus | -Located in mediastinum -Atrophies after puberty -Diminishing effectiveness of immune system |
| What are the divisions of the Thymus? | 1. divided into two Thymic Lobes 2. Septa divides lobes into... 3. smaller Lobules |
| Thymic Lobule | Contains a dense outer cortex and a pale central medulla |
| Lymphocytes - Thymus | -Divide in the Cortex -T cells migrate into Medulla -MATURE T CELLS LEAVE THYMUS by medullary blood vessels |
| Spleen | -Contains largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body! -Central Clean And Store Station For Blood, much like the lymph nodes perform those functions for lymph fluid |
| What are the Three functions of the Spleen? | 1. Removal of Abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis. 2. Storage of Iron recycled from red blood cells. 3. Initiation of Immune response by B cells and T cells -In response to antigens in circulating blood. |
| The spleen is known as the | "filter of the blood" |
| The spleen is the recycling center for | Red Blood Cells |
| Spleen is the Filter of the Blood | -because of its extensive vascularization and the presence of macrophages and dendritic cells that remove microbes and other materials from the blood, including dying red blood cells. |
| The spleen also functions as the location of immune response to | blood-borne pathogens. |
| What connects the stomach and spleen? | Gastrosplenic ligament |
| Where do the Trabecular Arteries and Veins enter and leave the spleen? | Hilum, branching from center to edge and back to center |
| Red pulp | -Primarily functions as a Filtration system of the blood, using cells of the innate (nonspecific) immune response -contains many RBCs and WBCs |
| White pulp | -Where T and B cell responses are mounted, using cells of the acquired/adaptive (specific) immune response -Dominated by T and B lymphocytes |
| What leads to a splenectomy? | rupture of the spleen |
| Splenectomy | -Difficult to repair rupture so spleen often removed if injured -Person can survive w/o spleen but more prone to bacterial infections, especially pneumococcal bacteria |
| Resistance | natural or acquired ability to maintain immunity |
| Innate (nonspecific) immunity | -does not distinguish one type of threat from another -responds same to all pathogens |
| Adaptive (specific) immunity | -acquired through contact against particular threats -remembered responses -Antibodies |
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Meaagggannn
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