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PHL 250
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| unadjusted gender pay gap | The difference in average earnings between genders, taking into account all members of each gender. |
| adjusted gender pay gap | The difference in average earnings between genders, taking into account differences in employment, education, industry, etc. |
| relevant difference principle | Any two individuals deserve equal treatment unless there is a morally relevant difference between them |
| moral philosophy | The critical examination of value and normativity (right and wrong action). |
| descriptive ethics | The study of moral beliefs and practices. |
| prescriptive ethics | The study of morality itself. |
| argument | A set of claims, one of which (the conclusion) is supposed to be supported by the others (the premises). |
| moral claim | Any claim about what is or is not valuable, what should or should not be done. |
| instrumental value | The worth something has due to what that thing can be used to achieve or acquire. |
| non-instrumental value | The worth something has due to what it is, in and of itself. |
| market economy | A system where the price of products is determined by supply and demand |
| price gouging | Raising the prices of goods and services to take advantage of a desperate situation |
| interest based approach | An approach to ethics that takes interests to be of primary importance when determining what should be done |
| moral right | A state whereby others bear a moral obligation toward the right holder. |
| negative right | A right to non-interference from others. |
| positive right | A right to be provided with something |
| rights based approach | An approach to ethics that takes moral rights to play a significant role in determining what should be done. |
| commodification | The process of bring the distribution of goods and services under the control of market forces. |
| moral hazards | A situation in which the benefit of an action goes to one party but the cost of the action goes to another. |
| disenfranchisement | Being prevented from voting by institutional forces. |
| mortgage | A loan in which has real estate as the collateral |
| market bubble | A period during which an investment is dramatically overpriced. |
| perverse incentive | A structure that encourages people to engage in undesirable activities. |
| outsourcing | The act of having an external party take on some activity that one formerly did for oneself. |
| tariff | A tax that one nation places on goods being imported from other nations. |
| duty based approach | An approach to ethics that focuses on the moral obligations that arise from relationships. |
| all-things-considered duty | What you are morally required to do after taking into account all of your pro tanto duties. |
| pro tanto duty | A moral consideration in favor of a particular action, possibly outweighed by other considerations. |
| duty of reparation | A duty that one acquires through some past action of one’s own. |
| duty of reparation | A duty that one acquires through the past action of another. |
| loyalty | A commitment to remain in a relationship even when doing so is not in one’s best interest. |
| transactional relationship | A relationship that exists purely to serve some purpose; that is not valued beyond its ability to serve that purpose. |
| closed shop | A workplace in which one must be a member of a union in order to gain employment |
| right-to-work state | A state where closed shops are illegal |
| difference principle | If there are no morally relevant differences between two cases, then those two cases should be treated the same |
| unwitting discrimination | Discrimination that unintentionally results from unconscious or tacit attitudes |
| implicit bias | Attitudes or mental associations that one has about a group of people without conscious awareness or acceptance |
| institutional discrimination | Discrimination that results from policies and practices of institutions, rather than from the choices of particular individuals |
| quid pro quo harassment | A situation in which one’s employment prospects depend on submitting to someone’s sexual Advances |
| hostile work environment harassment | A situation in which one finds it difficult to perform one’s job because of the sexualized treatment by others |
| tacit consent | Consent resulting from inaction, e.g., not saying ‘no’, rather than positive action, e.g., saying ‘yes’ |
| affective forecasting | Predictions that we make concerning how we would feel or react in a situation |
| cognitive dissonance | The uncomfortable state of holding conflicting beliefs |
| workplace retaliation | Actions taken to punish someone for exercising their legal rights |
| self-evident | The state of a proposition that needs no evidence to be justifiably believed |
| state of nature | The way things are before humans have interfered with them. |
| internality | A cost or a benefit that applies to a party because of that party’s actions |
| externality | A cost or a benefit that applies to a party because of another party’s actions |
| tragedy | A situation in which good choices lead to bad consequences |
| commons | A resource that is used by many |
| global carbon sink | The amount of carbon that the Earth can absorb and convert |
| cost benefit analysis | decision procedure which the costs that would result from a course of action are compared to the benefits that would (likely) result from that action, and the resulting ratio is compared to the cost-benefit ratio for other available actions |
| Anthropocentric Environmental Ethics | An approach to environmental ethics that asserts that humans are the only things that deserve non-instrumental moral consideration |
| agent | Some party that can takes an intentional action |
| moral responsibility | The state of deserving praise or blame for an action or event |
| greenwashing | Representing products as environmentally-friendly when they are not |
| lobbyist | Someone who attempts to affect the decisions made by the government |
| fracking | A process of forcing liquid into bedrock to open cracks and access otherwise inaccessible resources |
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