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Reproductive System2
Duke PA Physiology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What cells surround the sperm? | sertoli cells - sperm develop between these cells |
What hormone is in high levels in between sertoli cells? | testosterone |
What is aromatase? | present in sertolia cell,convert testosterone to estradiol |
What secretes aromatase? | sertoli cells |
What is required to initate sperm differentiation? | FSH |
What hormone is required for maturation of sperm? | testosterone |
What is the typical number of sperm in semen? | 200-400 million/5ml |
what number of sperm is consider infertile? | 100 million/5ml |
What determines how many sperm you can make? | sertoli cells |
What determines frequency of ejaculation? | sertoli cells |
Where does maturation and storage occur? | epididymus |
What is required for capacitation? | contact with female oviduct epithelium |
What is contained in the head of the sperm | DNA cargo |
What is the function of the neck in sperm? | connector |
What is the function of the mid piece in the sperm? | energy |
What is the function of the principal piece in the sperm? | motility |
What is responsible for gonadotropin feedback? | testosterone |
What is responsible for spermatogensis? | testosterone |
What is responsible for embryonic differentiation? | testosterone |
What is DHT important for? | external virilization and secondary sexual characteristics |
What is one of the dominant target sites for DHT? | prostate |
What is the carrier for DHT and testosterone in the blood? | TeBG |
TeBG | testosterone estrogren binding globulin |
How does TeBG act? | changes gene expression (activate transcription) |
Does TeBG work in males and females? | yes |
What are anabolic actions? | anabolic hormones - promoting increased muscle mass |
What effects do anabolic steroids have on the body? | large muscles, large prostate, small testes (downregulate FSH, decrease sperm production, sertoli cells shrink) |
What do seminal vesicles contribue to semen? | fructose rich liquid which is 60% of semen volume |
Aromatase converts testosterone to estrogen, resulting in what? | enlarged breasts - so men on anabolic steroids take tamoxifen b/c of breast growth |
What does the prostate contribute to semen volume? | alkaline secretion providing 20% of semen volume |
What does the prostate do under influence of DHT? | enlarges |
What happens to estrogen in men after 50 years of age? | increased levels induce expression of testosterone receptors which promote growth (benign prostate growth) |
What are the androgen dependent tissues? | seminal vesicles, prostate, muscle, facial hair |
How long can sperm live in female tract? | 2-3 days |
What happens to plasma testosterone in the male fetus? | spikes in 2nd trimester |
What happens to plasma testosterone in the male neonate? | spikes shortly after birth |
When the lifespane is testosterone extremely low in males? | from 1 year to puberty - hypothalamus is super-sensitive during this time |
When does testosterone rise after childhood in males? | puberty |
How long does testosterone stay high in male? | all the way through old age |
What can damage male reproductive system? | trauma |
What does testicular cancer cause? | decreased proliferation & differentiation of sperm |
What happens in decreased proliferation of sertoli cells? | subfertility - main determinate of daily sperm production in adult |
What is cryptorchidism? | failed testicular descent |
What two processes are coordinated in the female reproductive system? | release of the egg and readiness of the uterus |
Why does the ova duct change shapes throughout the monthly cycle? | cilia on the ova duct move the ovum down the fallopian tube |
Where does fertilization occur? | isthmus/ampulla region |
Where is the medulla in the ovary? | in the center |
What are the eggs encased in? | follicles |