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Fuel Homeostasis 1
Duke PA physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do we need food? | Generate energy, aquire fuel substrates for energy reserves and provide raw materials for cell & tissue turnover and for heat loss |
| Body energy = | energy intake - energy output |
| Why do we need fuel? | maintain daily activities |
| Why do we need fuel reserves? | function between meals |
| Why do we need raw materials? | renew cells and tissues |
| What behavioral mechanisms govern when and how much food we eat? | hunger and satiety - governed by hormones |
| What is positive balance? | eating more food than using - gain weight |
| What is negative balance? | eating less food than we use - lose weight |
| What are the two ways to make ATP? | glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation |
| How much ATP is made through glycolysis? | 2 mol ATP + 2 pyruvate per glucose |
| How much ATP is made through oxidative phosphorylation? | 34 mol ATP + CO2 + H20 per glucose |
| What is required for oxidative phosphorylation? | oxygen - only works under aerobic conditions |
| How is excess fuel from the diet stored? | glycogen, fat and protein |
| Which fuel storage contains the highest amount of energy stored? | fat |
| What is the most labile storage form? | glycogen |
| How much glucose per day is needed to maintain body at rest? | 240g glucose |
| Respiratory quotient (RQ) | ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed |
| RQ for carb diet | 1 |
| What is the RQ of the brain? | very close to 1.0 - prefers carbs |
| What is the RQ of a mixed diet? | 0.8 |
| What is the RQ of an all fat diet? | 0.7 |
| How many kg of fuel are needed for a 100 kg body? | 2300 kg fuel |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate |
| What does BMR depend on? | age, gender, amount of lean muscle mass, physical activity level, diet, hormones |
| What hormones dictate BMR? | thyroid, epi, norepi |
| What is the metabolic energy of proteins and carbs? | 4 kcal/g |
| What is the metabolic energy of fat? | 9 kcal/g |
| Which state is anabolic? | fed |
| Which state is catabolic? | fasting |
| Where can glycogen be stored? | liver and muscle |
| What is an anabolic state? | moving into storage |
| What is the dominant anabolic hormone? | insulin |
| Where is the glucose produced in a fasting state? | liver |
| What forms of energy does the liver produce in a fasting state? | ketones, glucose |
| What is a catabolic state? | breaking down stored fuel and breaking them down into fuel - glucose and ketones |
| What are the dominant catabolic hormones? | cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon |
| Where is excess energy store? | liver, muscle, fat |
| What control anabolic vs catabolic pathways? | hormones |
| What two hormones govern "minute to minute" maintenance? | insulin and glucagon |
| What four hormones work under stress? | cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon and growth hormone |
| What turns on stress hormones? | drop in glucose |
| What governs metabolism under long term starvation? | thyroid hormone |
| What does thyroid hormone do in starvation? | downregulated basal metabolic rate, conserve energy |
| When do plasma glucose levels rise? | after meals |
| What do plasma glucose levels do in sleep? | fall |
| What effect do a rise in plasma glucose levels have on insulin? | when glucose rises, insulin immediately goes up |
| What does glucagon do when insulin is up? | low glucagon |
| Does insulin or glucagon go through larger variations? | insulin - glucagon never jumps as much as insulin |
| How does the body regulate glucagon? | very tightly |
| Where does a stimulus go in increased plasma glucose levels? | stimulates release of insulin from beta cell |
Created by:
ges13
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