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Software Application
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| information system | software to organize, analyze, and present data |
| data | raw facts |
| information | data that has been organized or analyzed |
| spreadsheet | an application that enables data analysis based on formulas that define relationships among the data |
| dynamic spreadsheet | changes to the data are reflected in the calculations immediately |
| circular reference | a formula in one cell references another cell that contains a formula based on the value of the first cell |
| database | a structured set of data |
| Database Management System (DBMS) | includes Physical Database, Database Schema, and Database Engine |
| Physical Database | files that contain the data |
| Database Schema | structure of the data |
| Database Engine | program allowing user to enter, search, filter and retrieve the data |
| Structured Query Language (SQL) | database programming language for managing databases |
| Relational Model | database is organized in tables, records, and fields/attributes |
| digital libraries | collections of digital objects that can include text, visual, audio, and video files |
| digital archive | primary sources of information rather than secondary sources found in a library |
| metadata | data to provide information about other data |
| metadata registry/repository | the database in which the metadata is stored |
| search engines | get their information from crawling from site to site; not necessarily the same thing as a web browser; use metadata |
| spider | database that does the searching |
| e-Commerce | applications that allow the purchase and sale of goods and services via the World Wide Web |
| data mining | looking for patterns in static data collections called data warehouses; seeks to identify previously unknown patterns |
| Class Description | type of data mining; characterizes similar groups of data |
| Class Discrimination | type of data mining; identifies properties that divide groups of data |
| Cluster Analysis | type of data mining; looks for new ways to group data |
| Association Analysis | type of data mining; looks for links between groups |
| Outlier Analysis | type of data mining; looks for data pieces that don't comply with the group norm |
| open access | online research materials that are free of tolls and copyright restrictions |
| Creative Commons | used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build work they created |
| US Privacy Act of 1974 | required government agencies to publish notice of their databases in the Federal Register to allow citizens to access and correct information |
| The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) | regulates the use and disclosure of protected health information by health insurers and medical service providers |
| The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act | governs access of educational information and records; gives parents access to student's education records until they are 18; gives students 18+ enrolled in any post-secondary institution right of privacy |
| Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978) | established FISA Court |
| FISA Court | oversees surveillance warrants against foreign spies within the US |
| artificial intelligence | the study/implementation of computer systems that model and apply the intelligence of the human mind |
| The Turing Test | test to determine whether or not a computer is intelligent |
| Knowledge Representation | element of artificial intelligence; uses different techniques to represent knowledge |
| semantic networks | a type of knowledge representation like a mind map using nodes and arrows |
| search tree | a structure that represents all of the possible consequences of a decision |
| Expert Systems | element of artificial intelligence; computer systems that embody the knowledge of human experts in a specific field |
| Neural Networks | element of artificial intelligence; computer systems that mimic the processing of the human brain |
| Natural Language Processing | element of artificial intelligence; computer systems that process human language through voice recognition, comprehension and synthesis |
| phonemes | unit in which sound is broken in Natural Language Processing |
| Robotics | element of artificial intelligence; autonomous, mobile robots that require Artificial Intelligence to interact with their surroundings |
| model | creating a representation of a complex system and altering that model to observe the results |
| virtual reality | computer technologies that generate realistic images, sounds, and other sensations that replicate an environment (real or imaginary) and enables the user to interact with this space and any objects in it |
| augmented reality | superimposes a computer generated environment on the user's view of the real world |
| 2-D Graphics Software | converts 2-D shapes into pixel data to produce an image that can be manipulated or animated |
| Image Processing Software | analyzes pixels in an image to identify patterns or even understand images |
| 3-D Graphics Software | software to convert 3-D shapes into 2-D images that can be viewed on a flat screen |
| polygonal mesh | a set of polygons that cover the surface of the 3-D object that you are trying to model |
| particle system | particles are assigned behavioral formulas to make them move to form a shape in 3-D modeling |
| rendering the scene | determining how the objects in a scene graph would appear when projected onto a 2-D projection plane |
| clipping | the process of slicing off the objects that are not in the view volume |
| scan conversion/rasterization | process of assigning patches on remaining scene graph to pixels on 2-D image by passing straight lines from camera to objects |
| hidden surface removal | process of discarding points on the scene that are blocked by other parties |
| animation | displaying a sequence of 2-D images (frames) in rapid succession |
| storyboard | sequence of 2-D images that tell the story |
| Operating System | main component of the System Software |
| Utility Software | programs that extend or customize the OS |
| User Interface | how the user opens and stores programs and documents |
| Graphical User Interface (GUI) | used in modern OS; icons and windows; can have multiple programs up at once |
| Kernel | coordinates all of the computer's activities |
| Process Management | scheduling the use of the CPU; in the kernel |
| memory management | allocates space within RAM for programs and data; OS must move parts of programs in and out of RAM as needed; in kernel |
| paging | moving parts of programs in and out of RAM as needed |
| File Management | coordinates the use of mass storage, the location of files, accessibility to files, storing new files; in kernel |
| File Organization | allows users to organize files in folders or directories, each file has a directory path; in kernel |
| Device Driver Communication | communicates with peripheral devices; in kernel |
| bootloader | stored in ROM and executed when computer is started; tells computer to transfer OS to RAM and run it |
Created by:
catherine_alexander
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